1. Hungary Brian Poland Joshua Tee

2. Origins and development of groups opposing colonialism Main causes were poverty, Soviet oppression, nationalism, piety, destalinisation. Caused a general popular uprising. After revolution of 1956 multiple groups formed. Federation of Young Democrats, Alliance of Free Democrats, Hungarian Democratic Forum

3. Key Leaders and the role of the independence movement Nagy-Replaced Raskozi as premier until 1956 János Kádár-Socialist Worker’s Party general secretary 1956-1988, new economic mechanism Imre Pozsgay-reform communist leader Prime Minister Miklos Nemeth-last Communist prime minister Gyula Horn-Last Communist foreign minister

4. Methods used to achieve independence Nagy involked liberal reforms granting people more social freedoms and breaking away from the soviet mold. Denounced the Warsaw pact in 1956 and appealed to the UN for support with neutrality. National uprising. People using kitchen utensils and gasoline to combat soviets. This revolution was put down by soviets effectively.

5. Methods cont. Nagy liberalizes Hungarian ruling party Move to multi-party system New economic mechanism Hungary removes border fence with Austria Democracy Package-Freedom of assembly, press, association, new electoral law, revision of constitution March 1990-free elections

6. Connections to Cold War Hungary withdrew from Warsaw Pact In light of the Suez canal crisis the soviets did not want to appear weak in the eyes of the west; put down rebellion with large force. Limited Washington involvement; U.S did not want to risk a war in light of the recent improved relations between the U.S and the USSR IKE  CIA implemented RFE broadcasts that promised western involvement that never happened. Opens border with Austria, enabling exodus of East Germans on holiday in 1989

7. Post Conflict Politics Politburo replaced with 4 man collective presidency Socialist Workers’ Party replaced with Hungarian Socialist Party Gradual Democratization and liberalization

8. Difficulties Faced Massive Soviet military response in 1956 revolution Hard liners in Communist party oppose liberalization One of the ‘smoothest transitions’ that came with the fall of the iron curtain and the end of the cold war.

9. SPERMI impacts Overall westernization Free market policies NATO-1999 Freedom of Religion More social freedoms More political freedoms

10. Long Term Impact Hungary in NATO Democracy Freedom fewer secret police fewer open killings Better economic conditions