1. Classifying Living Things
LS.4
Classifying Living Things

2. The Six Kingdoms

4. Domains There are three major domains of living organisms.
Prokaryotes are those unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane covered organelles. Further divided into:
-Archaebacteria
-Eubacteria
Eukaryotes are those unicellular and multi-cellular organisms that do have a nucleus and membrane covered organelles in their cells.

6. Prokaryotes There are two groups of prokaryotes:
Archaebacteria that live in extreme environments and are anaerobic.
Eubacteria that are the common bacteria we are familiar with.

8. Prokaryotes
All of the members of Kingdom Monera were in the Domain Prokaryote.
The Kingdom Monera has been replaced with Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

9. The Domain Eukaryote includes 4 Kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantae
Animalia

10. Kingdom Protista Protists are one-or many-celled organisms.
Protists live in a moist or wet environment.
Some are plant-like with chlorophyll.
Some are animal-like and move.
Algae
Paramecium

11. Kingdom Fungi Most fungi have many cells
Fungi can grow in soil, but they do not make their own food.
Fungi grow best in warm, humid places.
Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually.

12. Kingdom Plantae
Plant cells have cell walls and chlorophyll used for photosynthesis.
Vascular plants use tube-like structures to transport water an nutrients.
Nonvascular plants use other ways to move water and nutrients.

13. Non-Vascular Plants – Mosses and Liverworts
Have rhizoids rather than roots.
Grow in damp environments.
Reproduce by spores rather than seeds.
Frequently are pioneer species in an area.

14. Seedless Vascular Plants
Reproduce by spores
Have vascular tissue to carry water and nutrients
Ferns are the largest group – have fronds, stems, and roots.
Club mosses – needle-like leaves
Horsetails – hollow center

15. Seeded Vascular Plants
Have leaves, stems, roots, and vascular tissue.
Reproduce by seeds
Leaves trap light and make food through photosynthesis
Stems allow movement between leaves and roots

16. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have no flowers.
Have needle-like leaves
Conifers reproduce by male and female cones
Angiosperms flower and have fruit that contain seeds.
Monocots – one cotyledon for food storage in seeds.
Dicots – two cotyledons inside their seeds

17. Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
Kingdom Animalia
The Animal Kingdom consists of invertebrates and vertebrates.
Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
Vertebrates have a spinal cord and a backbone.
Invertebrates make up the largest populations of the Animal Kingdom

18. Body Symmetry
Organisms with radial symmetry are generally circular in shape (flat or spherical). As you go out from the center in any direction, the animal is the same, like a sea star.
Organisms with bilateral symmetry are generally not circular and have two sides that are the mirror image of each other like a human.
Organisms that are asymmetrical have no symmetry at all.

19. Body Symmetry

20. Invertebrates Phylum Porifera – Sponges
Phylum Cnidaria – jellyfish, hydras, corals, and sea anemones
Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms
Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms

21. Invertebrates Phylum Mollusca – Clams, Oysters, Squid, and Octopus
Phylum Arthropoda – Arachnids, Insects, and Crustaceans, and Myriapods
Phylum Echinodermata – Sea Stars and Sea Cucumbers

22. Vertebrates
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

23. Fish Jawless fish Cartilagenous fish Bony Fish
Have swim bladder to control depth
Have spinal cord and backbone

24. Amphibian -cold blooded=endotherm -smooth moist skin
-lives in water and on land
-cold blooded=endotherm
-smooth moist skin

25. Reptile
-lives on land
-endothermic
-lay eggs
-lungs
-scaly skin

26. Bird
-feathers
-warm blooded- ectotherm
-hatches from eggs

27. Mammal -carry babies and feed them milk -well developed brain
-ectotherm
-hair
-bats are mammals not birds

28. Species
A species is any group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring that look like the parents.

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