1. Reasons for English Settlement – Keep up with the Spanish Empire – Expanding Population – Younger sons needing a livelihood

2. Types of Charters – Corporate Colonies: Jamestown est. by VA Company – Royal Colonies: VA after 1624, under direct authority of King – Propriety Colonies: MD and PA, authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by King

3. Credit for many slides to Ms. Susan M. Pojer

4. VirginiaVirginia

5. Failure of Roanoke 1585 – Sir Walter Raleigh’s attempt failed 1587 –John White attempted, sailed back to England, later returned to discover colonists had vanished Only one word written on trees: CROATOAN Colonists may have: – starved to death –joined with or were attacked by local natives (the Croatoans???)

6.  Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as Englishmen  This provision was incorporated into future colonists’ documents.  Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen! The Charter of the VA Company

7. Late 1606  VA Co. sends out 3 ships Attacked by natives at first stop at Chesapeake mouth May 24, 1607  about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James River  Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes. England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”

8. Jamestown Settlement, 1609

9. Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??

10. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

11. Jamestown Fort & Settlement (Computer Generated)

12. Jamestown Housing

13. Jamestown Settlement

14. Jamestown Chapel, 1611

15. 1606-1607  40 people died on the voyage 1609  another ship from England lost leaders/supplies in shipwreck off Bermuda. Settlers died by the dozens! “Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.  Game in forests & fish in river uncaught. Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming. The Jamestown Nightmare

16. Captain John Smith: The Right Man for the Job?? There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold… So he said “He who shall not work, shall not eat.”

17. PocahontasPocahontas A 1616 engraving Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith

18. High Mortality Rates The “Starving Time”: 1607: 104 colonists By spring, 1608: 38 survived 1609: 300 more immigrants By spring, 1610: 60 survived 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants 1624 population: 1,200 Adult life expectancy: 40 years Death of children before age 5: 80%

19. Chief Powhatan Powhatan Confederacy  Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes in area  Powhatan probably saw the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.

20. Powhatan Confederacy

21. Powhatan Indian Village

22. Indian Foods

23. Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse. 1) different cultures & languages 2) English raids of Indian food supplies 1610-1614  First Anglo-Powhatan War 1614-1622  peace time 1622-1644  periodic attacks between Indians and settlers, killed John Rolfe, colonists continue to raid Natives Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

24. Smith’s Portrayal of Native Americans

25. Powhatan Uprising of 1622

26. 1644-1646  Second Anglo-Powhatan War  Last effort of natives to defeat English, but unsuccessful Peace Treaty of 1646  Removed the Powhatans from their original land.  Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas! Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

27. English Migration: 1610-1660

28. River Settlement Pattern 1620-1660

29. John Rolfe What finally made the colony prosperous??

30. Tobacco Plant Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612

31. Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:  Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.  Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.  Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.  Need for cheap, abundant labor. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”

32. Virginia House of Burgesses Established in 1619 First of Many Miniature Parliaments to be established in the New Colonies  Raised Taxes and Made Laws Beginning of representative Self-Government James I distrusted the House, hated Tobacco, and in 1624 revoked the VA Co. Charter, made VA a royal colony “under his control.”