1. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes Geography 441/541 S/15 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue

2. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Other Great Volcanic Rise – Elysium – “Only” 6 km thick – “Only” 2,000 km across

3. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Second Order Landscapes Hecates Tholus Elysium Mons Albor Tholus – MEX HRSC

4. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Volcanic Rises – Elysium Recent volcanic activity: Hecates

5. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Volcanic Rises – Elysium Glacial features on Hecates? Argued to be snow derived during an ice age produced by a greater obliquity

6. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Second Order: Valles Marineris

7. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Second Order: Valles Marineris By comparison – Viking VIS; USA overlay: R. Klein, Cornell

8. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Second Order: Valles Marineris Subsidiary chasmata – Viking VIS; Malin Space Science Systems

9. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Valles Marineris –Faulting/rifting –Not your ordinary grand canyon (east end is actually higher than the middle) –Valles cut into layered material (sediments? lava?) –Extensional rifting (perhaps like East Africa? or not) –Some sign of shear faulting (like San Andreas?) –Pitting (suggests extension) –Alcoves (suggesting subsurface flow) –Landsliding widens the rifts –Massive jökulhlaup-like outflows

10. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Valles Marineris –Looks like a canyon draining into Margaritifer and then Chryse –But look at the elevations of the central and eastern ends

11. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Valles Marineris – Layering in walls of Melas Chasma – Dunes covering floor

12. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Valles Marineris – Layering in walls of Hebes Chasma – And in Candor Chasma below

13. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Valles Marineris – Layering in Coprates Chasma (HiRISE)

14. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Valles Marineris – Extensional rifting in Tithonium Chasma – Pitting (suggests extension)

15. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Valles Marineris – Extensional rifting in Coprates Chasma and Catena – Pitting (suggests extension)

16. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes Rifting elsewhere – Cerberus Fossæ – Seem tectonic: faulting – Lava flow from a fissure?

17. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Landslides South Candor Chasma

18. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Landslides Noctis Labyrinthus

19. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Melas, Candor, Ophir Chasmata – Theatre-headed tributaries – Like Canyonlands, Utah – Sapping of groundwater

20. C.M. Rodrigue, 2015 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes The Great Canyons – Ius Chasma – Theatre-headed tributaries – Sapping of groundwater