1. Birth of the X-Ray Laser and a New Era of Science Joachim Stohr http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/stohr

2. J. Ullrich, A. Rudenko, R. Moshammer Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 63, 635 (2012) Overview of “Light Sources”

3. electron beam x-ray beam SSRL storage ring SLAC operates two world class x-ray user facilities LCLS

4. LCLS: the world’s first x-ray free electron laser electron beam x-ray beam Injector 1km linac 14GeV AMO SXR XPP XCS CXI MEC Near-hall: 3 stations Far-hall: 3 stations Undulator hall

5. Bunch spacing 2 ns Bunch width ~ 100 ps beam line x-ray pulses 100 ps width/pulse 10 6 x-rays/pulse 500 MHz rate X-Ray pulse length determined by electron bunch length Can make shorter pulses (~ 1ps) at great loss of intensity X-Rays from SSRL

6. Optical laser X-ray free electron laser bound electrons in atoms - transitions between discrete states amplification through stimulated emission fixed photon energy around 1 eV compact size free electrons in bunch - radiation in periodic H-field amplification through  electron bunch orders in its own radiation (SASE)  electron bunch orders in imposed radiation (seeding) tunable photon energy > 1000 eV very large size What is a x-ray free electron laser, anyway? 10 fs width/pulse 10 12 photons/pulse 120 Hz rate

7. Diffraction EXAFS Photoemission X-ray absorption X-ray emission X-ray magnetic dichroism spin pol. photoemission “Imaging” X-Rays can see the invisible --provide static and dynamic information--

8. X-FEL Science or The Need for Speed !

9. The size and speed of things: -- from “structure” to “function” -- optical lasers synchrotron sources x-ray lasers

10. The speed of things – the smaller the faster atoms “electrons” & “spins” macro molecules molecular groups the technology gap optical laser pulse

11. Atoms: Speed of sound: 1 nm / 1 ps Electrons: Fermi velocity: 1 nm / 1 fs Light: Speed of light: 1 nm / 3 as Light pulses can be used to capture (or beat) all motion…

12. Three Strategic Science Areas of LCLS Mn 4 CaO 5 cluster Biological structure and function drug design, health Chemical structure and function energy, environment Material structure and function information technology Atoms/Electrons Atoms Atoms/Electrons/Spins

13. myosin Year Structures 2011 Cumulative number of structures in the PDB myoglobin hemoglobin transfer RNA antibody virus actin nucleosome ribosome C. Zardecki - PDB C. Abad-Zapatero - Acta Cryst D68 (2012) Biological Structure: X-Rays are the key tool (courtesy H. Chapman)

14. Femtosecond Protein Nanocrystallography beating the speed of sound with the speed of light Liquid jet atomic structure shape of nanocrystal Nanocrystals (~500nm) contained in water jet - developed at ASU Patterns of single nanocrystals recorded in single, intense and fast <50 fs x-ray shots Atoms move after shot (“speed of sound”) crystal blows up - new crystal for new shot Complete structure from ~1 million shots

15. Water Splitting Not Understood ( )  Has created our atmosphere and ozone layer  Only fundamental source of food on earth   Has created fossil energy sources (crude oil, coal, gas) Chemical structure: Understanding Photosynthesis Carbon Fixation Understood ( )

16. Photosystem II 1 ms [ ] Mn 4 CaO 5 Photosystem II: Where Plants Split Water X-ray damage has prevented conclusive structure determination Beat damage with intense, fast pulses

17. Information Technology: Data storage SSRL LCLS X-Rays have revealed how most advanced magnetic devices switch today 200ps400ps600ps800ps 100 nm 01 ns

18. Roadmap for data storage: Magnetic “1” and “0” bits are switched by weak field pulse aided by heat from laser Tomorrow’s switching of information “bits” Magnetic “bits” have nanoscale dimensions

19. The dream: magnetic switching by a fast laser pulse All-optical magnetic writing Only works for one material – we do not understand process Need LCLS: nanoscale dimension plus fast timing

20. Expand capacity and capability  New injector plus 1 km linac  Two new undulator sources  Extended spectral range from 250eV to 18 keV  Experimental hall for 6 instruments First light in fall of 2018 Assures international competitiveness (Japan, Germany, Korea, Switzerland) LCLS is being extended by LCLS-II project