2.  Tobacco and cotton plantations were common in the South.  Southerners used slaves to work the land  Africans were kidnapped or sold into slavery and brought to the southern states to work.  Trading relationships already set up with areas of Africa.  Africans less likely to die from disease or run away compared to Native Americans

3.  The sudden end to the slave economy would have a killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy.  If all the slaves were freed, there would be widespread unemployment and chaos.  By comparison with the poor of Europe and the workers in the Northern states, that slaves were better cared for.

4.  Many northerners did not support slavery but also did not believe in equality for African Americans  Abolitionists – people who wanted freedom for slaves (mostly northerners)  Frederick Douglas- educated former slave who worked to end slavery in the United States.

5.  Abolitionists used a variety of tactics to end slavery.  Slave revolts resulting in the murder of whites  Literature opposing slavery- Uncle Tom’s cabin  Harriet Tuban and the underground railroad

6.  Northern states had industrialized so they did not need slaves to work the land.  As new states entered the Union, northern and southern members of Congress fought over free versus slave states.

7.  Dred Scott decision o Slave who lived in free territory took case to Supreme Court claiming he should be free. o Court ruled- Scott did not have legal standing to sue in court because he was not a citizen. o Being in a free territory did not make a slave free.

8.  Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 with no votes from southern states.  Southern states believed he would remove slavery from the U.S.  South Carolina seceded from the Union.

9.  Passed in 1865  The Constitution, although never mentioning slavery by name, refers to slaves as "such persons" in Article I, Section 9 and “a person held to service or labor” in Article IV, Section 2. The Thirteenth Amendment, in direct terminology, put an end to this  “Neither slavery non indentured servitude shall exist. “

10.  No land, no skills, no money  Moved to towns to seek education and jobs  Opened schools and colleges  Founded their own churches  Began to hold government offices

11.  African Americans farmed a portion of land owned by the whites in exchange for a portion of the crops which created a cycle of poverty.

12.  Passed in 1868  Citizenship Clause- born in the U.S. you are now a citizen  Equal Protection Clause- each state must provide equal protection under the law to all people  States can’t deny rights to US citizens such as freed slaves.

13.  No one can be kept from voting on the basis of “race or color”  A small number of African Americans voted in elections  Many were not voting because they were terrorized by the KKK

14.  Literacy tests  Poll taxes  Grandfather clause- if you grandfather was eligible to vote before the Civil War, you are able to vote

15.  Goal: To prevent African Americans from exercising their political rights (running for office, voting, etc.)  Killed black men, women, and children