1. Socialization Into Gender
Barbara J. Risman
(1998)

2. Gender Socialization
Children are socialized to behave in gender-defined roles
Living in a gendered and sexist society differently prepares boys and girls for adulthood.
Boys are socialized to work in teams and compete.
Girls are socialized to value nurturing.

3. Gender Socialization
Socialization happens in children’s play and in their families
Boys’ games are more likely to be outside, involve teams, and be age-integrated.
Girls are more likely to play make-believe games with one or two others, and to quit the game instead of working through conflict.
Parents participate in gender-typing by rewarding gender-typical play and punishing gender-atypical play.

4. The Pink and Blue Project
JeongMee Yoon

9. Children in Fair Families
More families are moving toward shared parenting and more liberal gender socialization for children.
Risman examines how children in egalitarian families fare in a gendered society.
Egalitarian (Fair) Families
Gender does not dictate who does what or who has more power
Parents share household responsibilities
Parents share child care responsibilities

10. The Interviews
Risman interviewed 21 children from egalitarian families.
Three formats
4- to 6-year-olds: interview questions resembling stories
7- to 10-year-olds: interview questions, poem writing, free-play
11-year-olds an up: open-ended and written questions
Research Question: How do these children negotiate gender, given their atypical parents?

11. Ideology
16 of the 21 children entirely adopted their parents’ egalitarian views of gender
Most of the children were true believers in the capabilities of men and women to perform the same jobs and family roles.

12. Ideology – Interview Quotes
“I told you I think anybody can do these jobs…I think that saying just men or women could do these jobs isn’t being equal.” – 9-year-old boy
“I don’t think that it is the least bit fair that in most places males have the main power. I think that women play an important part and should be free to do what they want to do.” – 9-year-old girl
“It’s probably easier being a guy. At least it is now because of stereotypes and prejudices and everything.” year-old boy

13. Experiences
When their ideology contradicts their experiences as boys and girls, life wins hands down.
When family experiences collided with peer experiences, the family influences were dwarfed.
The children know that men and women are equal; it is boys and girls that are totally different.
None of the 4- to 6-year-olds have begun to believe that boys and girls are different; this is not true for most children in mainstream families

14. Experiences - Poem If I were a girl I’d have to attract a guy
wear makeup; sometimes.
Wear the latest style of clothes and try to be
likeable.
I probably wouldn’t play any physical sports like
football or soccer.
I don’t think I would enjoy myself around men
in fear of rejection
or under the pressure of attracting them.
- 8-year-old boy

16. Identity “All-girl” girls and “All-boy” boys Androgynous preferences
Only 6 of the children have identities that fit their stereotyped notions about childhood gender.
Androgynous preferences
15 children cross gender lines in interests and interpersonal style.
All the girls are more feminine than masculine and all the boys are more masculine than feminine.

17. Conclusion Three themes resulted from the interviews and observation
1) The parents are very successful at transferring their ideological values to their children
2) The children’s experiences at school have taught them that boys and girls are not similar, nor do they think they should be.
3) Identities seem more dependant on experiences with peers than from ideology.
The children growing up in egalitarian families are happy, healthy, and well-adjusted.
Changing families alone does not allow children to escape gender socialization; effective social change requires collective action and alliances across families, schools, and friendship networks.

18. Any Comments or Questions?