1. Ch 14 Formation of Western Europe

2. Church Reform and the Crusades
Sec 1

3. What was the economic system of the feudal system?

5. The Crusades Crusade- holy war
In 1093, Pope Urban II issued a call to Christians to take back the holy land from the Muslims that were threatening the Byzantine Empire

6. Causes of the Crusades
Eliminate the Muslim threat to Constantinople and Christian holy sites
Reunite the eastern and western half of the Church
Get rid of the knights who were fighting all the time
Promote business

7. First and Second Crusade
The First Crusade left Constantinople in 1097
It was successful but fell back to the Muslims in 1144
The Second Crusade attempted to take back Jerusalem but failed

8. Third Crusade
Third Crusade- holy war led by Richard the Lionheart against Saladin
After years of fighting the Third Crusade ends in a truce with Jerusalem in Muslim control but Christians are allowed to freely visit

11. Crusading Dwindles
After the failure of six different Crusades during the 1200s, the religious spirit of the First Crusade gradually faded and the search for personal gain grew

12. Children’s Crusade
The Children’s Crusade took place in 1212, when 30,000 children under 18 set out to conquer Jerusalem
They were armed only with the belief that God would give them Jerusalem
Those that didn’t die on the journey were sold into slavery

14. Reconquista
Reconquista- effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain, finally accomplished in 1492

15. Inquistion Inquisition- court held by the Church to suppress heresy
Heretics- people whose religious beliefs were different from that of the Church (Jews, Muslims)
Under threat of torture, many Jews and Muslims in Spain converted

33. She's a witch!

34. Effects of the Crusades
Expansion of trade
Weakened the power of the Pope
Thousands of people lost their lives
Fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire
Bitterness and hatred between Muslims and Christians

35. Changes in Medieval Society
Sec 2

36. Changes in Society
Between , agriculture, trade, and finance made significant advances
Cultural interaction with the Muslim and Byzantine Empire sparked the growth of learning

37. Growing Food Supply
Europe’s revival would have been impossible without improvements in farming
A warmer climate and new farming techniques such as the use of horses helped to increase production

38. Three-Field System
Three-field System- farming technique where farmers plant 2 fields and leave one fallow (unplanted) every year
This new technique increased food supplies and caused people to live longer

40. Guilds
Guilds- organizations of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members
Merchants banded together to control the number of goods being traded to keep prices up
Guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and working conditions

41. Effects of Guilds
Guilds brought more and better products to people all over Europe

42. Commercial Revolution
Commercial Revolution- expansion of trade and business that transformed economics in the 16th and 17th centuries
During the Commercial Revolution more goods from foreign lands became available as trade routes spread
Business and banking increased as merchants began to look for more profits

43. Effects of the Commercial Revolution
End of the feudal system- serfs move to towns for paid work
More money available to create new businesses
Increased in tax revenues increased the power and wealth of kings

44. Urban Life
From the population of Europe increased from 30 million to 42 million
There were not many large cities in Europe but small towns flourished

45. What was life like in a medieval town?

46. Medieval Towns
Medieval towns were exciting and bustling but they had some drawbacks
Streets were narrow and filled with animals and their waste
With no sewers, people dumped household and human waste onto the streets in front of the house
Most people never bathed

47. Revival of Learning
Contact with the Muslims and Byzantines during the Crusades brought about a new interest in learning
Through this contact, the work of Greek philosophers was rediscovered in Europe
During this time the first universities arose in Europe

48. England and France Develop
Sec 3

49. Early Nations
The earliest nations in Europe to develop a strong unified government were England and France

50. Foundations of Government
English King Henry II ruled from 1154 to 1189
He strengthened the royal courts by sending judges to every part of England
Henry II also introduced trial by jury, where 12 neighbors of the accused would answer questions from the judge
Over the centuries the rulings of royal judges formed a unified body of law known as common law

51. Magna Carta
After the death of Richard the Lionhearted his brother John took the throne
John was cruel to his subjects and tried to squeeze as much money out of them as possible
The nobles revolted and on June 15, 1215 they forced John to agree to the Magna Carta

52. Magna Carta The Magna Carta guarantees certain basic political rights
The Magna Carta guaranteed what are now considered basic legal rights in England and the United States

54. Parliament
In 1295, King Edward I summoned two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a parliament, or legislative group
This is now called the model parliament because later kings followed the same model
As time went on parliament became stronger and acted as a check on royal power
Roundabout

56. Formation of France
Hugh Capet was undistinguished duke that ruled a small kingdom in the middle of France
Capet was not powerful but his territory included Paris
Over time power of the Capetian kings spread from Paris as the city became more important to trade

58. French Government
In France, Church leaders were known as the First Estate and the great lords as the Second Estate
Under King Philip IV commoners were allowed to join the meetings and became the Third Estate
The whole meeting became known as the Estates General
Unlike Parliament the Estates General never was able to limit the kings power but the Third Estate played an important role in the French Revolution

60. Beginnings of Democracy
England and France were just beginning to establish a democratic tradition
The tradition rested on setting up a centralized government that would be able to govern widespread lands

61. The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague
Sec 4

62. The Plague Strikes
During the 1300s, an epidemic struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe
About 1/3 of the population of Europe died of the deadly disease known as the bubonic plague
The plague was so terrifying that it would rip apart the fabric of society

66. Origins of the Plague The plague began in Asia
Through trade routes it infected parts of Asia, the Muslim world, and Europe
In 1347, a fleet of Genoese merchant ships arrived in Sicily carrying the bubonic plague
From there it swept through Italy and followed trade routes to Spain, France, Germany, England and other parts of Europe and North Africa

67. Spread of the Plague
In about 4 years the plague reached every corner of Europe
While some communities were unharmed others lost 2/3s to 3/4s of their population
About 25 million Europeans died
Bring out your dead!

72. What were the effects of the plague?

73. Effects of the Plague Town populations fell
Trade declined, prices rose
Shortage of labor
Peasant revolt caused by demand for higher wages
Jews were blamed for bringing the plague and persecuted
Decline of Church power

74. The Hundred Years’ War
At the same time as the plague, England and France were constantly at war with each other
In 1337, England’s Edward III launched a war for control of France that would last until 1453 that became known as the Hundred Years’ War

76. Effects of the Hundred Years’ War
The Hundred Years’ war changed warfare in Europe
The use of the longbow marked the end of chivalry
Use of the longbow in battle negated the power of knights
England was driven from France
End of the Middle Ages

78. Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc- French teenage peasant girl who led French forces to victory at the siege of Orleans in 1429
Joan was eventually captured by English forces and turned over to the Church
On May 30, 1431, she was burned at the stake for being a heretic