1. MONGOL EMPIRE

2. The MONGOLS
Nomadic people from the rugged steppe region north of China, now called Mongolia
Lived by herding & lived in felt tents called “gers” or “yurts”

3. MONGOLS Nomadic lifestyle encouraged skills of battle
excelled at “3 manly games”: riding, wrestling, archery

4. NOTICE THE CONTRAST: MONGOLIAN CULTURE CHINESE CULTURE
“3 Manly Games”: Riding, wrestling, archery
“3 Perfections”: Painting, Poetry & Calligraphy

5. Mongol Weapons & innovations
Warriors on horseback with bows & arrows
Catapults
Giant crossbows mounted on stands
Terror: When the Mongols conquered a city or country, they often slaughtered the males taller than a cart axle, and enslaved the women

6. Mongol Cavalry
At its height, the Mongol cavalry was about 100,000 horsemen
Could travel very fast, up to 100 miles per day. Each Mongol had 3-4 horses, and would switch horses to prevent wearing one out.
Cavalry innovations included special saddles & iron stirrups that enabled them to stand up & fire arrows, while riding at top speed. They could even turn around and fire backwards
Often used tactics such as: surrounding their enemy like hunters surrounding game; pretending to retreat, then turning on the enemy

7. More fun facts about Mongols
They wore silk shirts under their armor. If they were hit by an arrow, the arrow would push the silk in. Then the silk could be used to pull the arrow out.

8. Genghis Khan- Temujin Born about 1162-son of a minor chief
Name-Temujin

9. TEMUJIN
When he was 9, his father was killed by the Tatars, and he and his mother were left in poverty
Later he was kidnapped by a rival clan, but he escaped.
When he was a young man, his wife Borte was kidnapped, and he rescued her.

10. GENGHIS KHAN United the Mongol tribes
Took the title Genghis Khan, which means “universal ruler” & believed he was destined to rule the world

11. Over the next 21 years, he conquered the Jin Empire & much of Central Asia & slaughtered thousands of people
Created a huge empire with capital at Karakoram.

12. Died in 1227, & his sons and grandsons continued conquering & expanding the huge Mongol Empire

14. The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters, to ride their horses. "       -GENGHIS KHAN

15. The conquests were first led by Genghis Khan and carried on by his sons & grandsons.
He established a huge empire-the original capital in Mongolia was Karakoram
G. K. conquered the Jin Empire, much of central Asia and Persia.
Ogedei Khan was his son, and the next Great Khan.
Grandsons:
Kublai Khan conquered the rest of China, & founded a new dynasty in China called the Yuan
Batu led the Mongols called the Golden Horde & conquered Russia, Poland, Hungary, slaughtering and taking slaves
Hulagu led another group of Mongols, invaded the Middle East, captured Baghdad &virtually destroyed it.
Largest contiguous (connected) land empire in World History, including most of Asia and part of Eastern Europe.

16. Largest contiguous (connected) land empire in World History, including most of Asia and part of Eastern Europe.

17. DIVISION INTO 4 PARTS
Mongol Empire was divided into 4 regions, called Khanates:
Yuan China – also called Khanate of the Great Khan
Khanate of the Golden Horde -Russia
Chagatai Khanate-Central Asia
Il-Khanate – Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan

18. Conquest of China
1279: Mongols under Kublai Khan completed the conquest of China (which had been begun by his grandfather, G.K.)
Kublai Khan ruled China, but was also recognized as “Great Khan”, head of the whole empire.
Kublai gave his Chinese dynasty a “Chinese-sounding” name: Yuan dynasty
Made “Khanbalik”, which today is Beijing, his Chinese capital (had a palace in Mongolia & in China, at Khanbalik).

19. China under Mongols-Yuan Dynasty
Mongols, under the name “Yuan Dynasty”, ruled China from
Population of China, which had dropped to 60 million during the period of war, began to grow again.

20. Accomplishments of the Mongols in Yuan Dynasty
Extended the Grand Canal to Khanbalik (Beijing) & built a paved highway beside it. This supplied the capital with food from the fertile south.
Established a courier, or messenger system; messenger stations about every 25 miles; relay system carried messages within China, & between China & India & Persia;
Mongols controlled the whole length of the Silk Road across Asia, and kept it safe. This period is sometimes called the “Pax Mongolia”.

21. Mongols kept the Silk Road Safe
Trade along the Silk Road greatly increased. Ideas traveled with the goods. The bubonic plague also traveled west along the Silk Road!

22. Negative effects of Mongol Rule
Heavy taxes
Discrimination by Mongols against the Chinese in their own land.

23. CONTACTS BETWEEN CHINA & EUROPE
During the period of Mongol rule in China, both France (under Louis IX) and the Pope sent ambassadors to the Chinese court.

24. Marco Polo
Marco Polo was a man who came from Italy to China when he was 17 with his father and uncle.
Stayed in China for 17 years serving as a special agent for Kublai Khan
When he returned to Italy, he wrote his account in “The Travels of Marco Polo”. Many people did not believe his account.

25. Discrimination by the Mongols against the Chinese in Yuan China
The Mongols gave important government jobs only to Mongols or to other non-Chinese.
Yuan government treated the Mongols and the Chinese differently under the law; For the same offense, Chinese were given harsher punishments.
Kept Mongols & Chinese segregated & prevented intermarriage between Mongols & Chinese

26. Yuan dynasty after the death of Kublai Khan
1294, Mongol rule began to weaken
The Huang River flooded, destroying crops; there was a famine, rebellions , Bubonic Plague sprang up.
The Mongols had lost the “Mandate of Heaven”!
1368, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown & the Ming dynasty established

27. Xia Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Mongols/Yuan Ming Ching
Warring States
Qin
Han
Sui
Tang
Song
Mongols/Yuan
Ming
Ching

28. Overall effects of Mongol Rule
Increased trade between Asia & Europe because the Mongols controlled & protected the Silk Road
Increased exchange of ideas. Chinese inventions such as gunpowder reached Europe at this time.
The Bubonic Plague also reached Europe, traveling from Mongolia along the Silk Road.

29. Attempt to invade Japan
Kublai tried twice to conquer Japan, but was unsuccessful-1272 & Both times a typhoon helped blow the Mongols fleet away; typhoon called the Kamakazi (sacred wind).