4. Russian Revolution March 1917- Food riots and strikes broke out in St. Petersburg-caused by wartime misery Rioters wished for a new political regime Protested early industrialization conditions against rural reform Imperial rule was ended when tsar was abolished- government struggled to control country after this Leaders wished to stay in WWI to stay on France and Britain’s side-couldn’t because it weakened Russia’s economy badly and morale decreased Communist party rose with Lenin the leader (Bolsheviks)- Expelled Liberals Czar Nicholas II was abdicated- Ended Romanov rule

5. Alexander Kerensky Kerensky and Lenin Alexander Kerensky: liberal revolutionary leader during early Russian Revolution; wished for parliamentary rule and religious freedom Vladimir Lenin: took control of Bolshevik, later renamed communists; took Russia out of war and initiated land reforms; instituted war communism Vladimir Lenin

6. Russian Revolution (Continued) Lenin gained strong ground with the urban workers’ councils in urban cities Shows his idea of tightly organized cells whose leaders have a coherent plan for action Lenin and Bolsheviks faced problems: War they were involved in Solved this by signing treaty with Germany that ended hostilities and gave up parts of Western Russia- known as Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russia was ignored at Versailles peace conference Poland built on Russian land- Baltic States created Weren’t most popular revolutionary party Council of People’s Commissars- headed by Lenin was challenged by parliamentary election- peasant support

7. Russian Revolution Replaced the parliament with the Congress of Soviets- not allowed to have Western-style system Communist party persisted until 1989 Causes of end of tsar rule: Russia was declining as a world power it used to be Peasants were dissatisfied (majority of population) Financial costs the war provoked (WWI)

8. Effects of Russian Revolution Order was restored after Russian Revolution: Leon Trotsky emerged as leader and created the Red Army- consisted of recruited able generals and masses of loyal conscripts Inspired mass loyalty Willingness to use people of humble background Lenin issued the New Economic Policy - promised freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners Food production began to increase and regime was able to prepare durable structure Moscow = New capital of Russia

10. Joseph Stalin Took over after Lenin became ill and passed away- became totalitarian dictator Represented strongly nationalist version of communism Comintern = Communist International Office Collectivization- creation of large, state run farms that allowed for more efficient control over peasants Led Soviet Union in WWII Was victorious Led Soviet Union in Cold War

12. Key Terms Syndicalism- economic and political system based on labor organization; imported from European political movements Porfirio Diaz- elected President of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; sought a strong central government Pancho Villa- Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during Mexican Revolution; removed Diaz from power Emiliano Zapata- Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement; sought land reform Mexican Constitution of 1917- promised land reform limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed worker’s rights, and formally marked end of Mexican Revolution

13. Leadership of Diaz Very strong and seemed unbreakable Strong economic changes had been made However, foreigners controlled large sectors of the economy Hacienda system dominated region Ruled with “iron fist” Effective political means Didn’t face a tremendous amount of problems under his rule Porfirio Diaz

14. Causes of Mexican Revolution People resented Diaz, partly because of his long rule in Mexico Huge gap between the rich and the poor present in society Diaz ruled like a dictator and people wished to end this Exploited Mexican workers and treated them poorly in general Discontented after limited social reform over decades Mexico fell under control of dictators after winning independence from Spain Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa led group of peasants and the middle class to overthrow Diaz

15. Effects of Mexican Revolution Were able to get rid of Diaz in office as well as limit the term of leaders to six years Immigration of Mexicans to the United States Mexicans had developed an identity Guidelines were established for future Mexican rulers Mexico experienced modernization Universal suffrage (voting) granted Foreign-owned businesses were discouraged Workers and Women are granted rights Mexico adopted new constitution in 1917

17. Key Terms May Fourth Movement- resistance to the Japanese in China, which began on 1919; spawned intellectuals to transform China into a liberal democracy that rejected Confucianism Chiang Kai-shek- military leader who was successor to Sun Yat-sen; become most powerful leader in China by early 1930s, but his nationalist ideas were driven out by communists Chiang Kai- shek

18. Yuan Shikai and Mao Zedong Yuan Shikai- warlord in Northern China after fall of Qing dynasty in China; hoped to gain imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned after Japanese invasion Mao Zedong- Communist leader in China that advocated rural reform in China; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist action against Chinese purges; seized control of all mainland China by 1949 and initiated Great Leap Forward ; Mao sought to improve women’s rights and outlawed foot binding Yuan Shikai Mao Zedong

21. Russian Revolution Video

22. Mexican Revolution Video

23. Chinese Revolution Video