1. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

2. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 22 Universal Cell Phone Coverage Maintaining the telephone number across geographical areas in a wireless and mobile system Microwave Tower Cell Dhaka Chittagong

3. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 3 First Generation Cellular Systems and Services 1970sDevelopments of radio and computer technologies for 800/900 MHz mobile communications 1976WARC (World Administrative Radio Conference) allocates spectrum for cellular radio 1979NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph) introduces the first cellular system in Japan 1981NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 900 system introduced by Ericsson Radio System AB and deployed in Scandinavia 1984AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) introduced by AT&T in North America

4. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 4 Second Generation Cellular Systems and Services 1982CEPT (Conference Europeenne des Post et Telecommunications) established GSM to define future Pan-European cellular Radio Standards 1990Interim Standard IS-54 (USDC) adopted by TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) 1990Interim Standard IS-19B (NAMPS) adopted by TIA 1991Japanese PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) system standardized by the MPT (Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications) 1992Phase I GSM system is operational 1993Interim Standard IS-95 (CDMA) adopted by TIA 1994Interim Standard IS-136 adopted by TIA 1995PCS Licenses issued in North America 1996Phase II GSM operational 1997North American PCS deploys GSM, IS-54, IS-95 1999IS-54: North America IS-95: North America, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, China, etc GSM: 110 countries

5. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 5 Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000): - Fulfill one's dream of anywhere, anytime communications a reality. Key Features of IMT-2000 include: - High degree of commonality of design worldwide; - Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks; - High quality; - Small terminal for worldwide use; - Worldwide roaming capability; - Capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals.

6. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 6 Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services (continued) Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to provide high bearer rate capabilities: - 2 Mbps for fixed environment; - 384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian environment; - 144 kbps for vehicular environment. Standardization Work: - In processing Scheduled Service: - Started in October 2001 in Japan (W-CDMA)

7. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 7 Subscriber Growth 3G Subscribers 2G Digital only Subscribers 1G Analogue only Subscribers Subscribers 199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010 Year

8. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 8 Macrocell Suburban Coverage Aspect of Next Generation Mobile Communication Systems Microcell Urban Satellite Global Picocell In-building

9. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 9 Transmission Capacity Broadband radio Global System for Mobile Communications 0.010.1110100 Transmission capacity as a function of mobility in some radio access systems Mobility Universal Mobile Telecommunicat ions System Mobile Broadband System Broadband Satellite Multimedia Local Multipoint Distribution System Satellite Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Data rate (Mb/s) Stationary Pedestrian Vehicular

10. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 10 Wireless Technology and Associated Characteristics Cellular Wireless LAN/PAN GPS Satellite Based GPS Home Networking Ad Hoc Networks Sensor Networks Bluetooth

11. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 11 Medical and Healthcare Applications ATM Backbone Network Possibility for Remote consulting (including Audio Visual communication) ATM Switch Wireless Remote consultation from Ambulance ATM Switch Remote Databases In Hospital Physician Sensors on body

12. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 12 Fundamentals of Cellular Systems Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station BS MS Cell MS Alternative shape of a cell Ideal cell area (2-10 km radius) Hexagonal cell area used in most models

13. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 13 FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) User 1 User 2 User n … Time Frequency

14. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 14 FDMA Bandwidth Structure 123 … n Frequency Total bandwidth 4

15. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 15 FDMA Channel Allocation Frequency 1 User 1 Frequency 2 User 2 Base Station Frequency n User n …… Mobile Stations

16. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 16 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) User 1 User 2 User n … Time Frequency

17. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 17 TDMA Frame Structure … Time Frame 123 n 4

18. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 18 TDMA Frame Illustration for Multiple Users Time 1 Time 2 Time n … … Base Station User 1 User 2 User n … Mobile Stations

19. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 19 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Time Frequency User n Code User 1 User 2...

20. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 20 Cellular System Infrastructure BS Service area (Zone) Early wireless system: Large zone

21. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 21 Cellular System: Small Zone BS Service area

22. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 22 PSTN Home phone BSC … …… … … … BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS MSC … MS, BS, BSC, MSC, and PSTN

23. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 23 Control and Traffic Channels Base Station (BS) Forward (downlink) control channel Mobile Station (MS) Reverse (uplink) control channel Forward (downlink) traffic channel Reverse (uplink) traffic channel

24. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 24 Call Setup from MS (Cell Phone) to BS? BSMS 1. Need to establish path 2. Frequency/time slot/code assigned (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA) 3. Control Information Acknowledgement 4. Start communication

25. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 25 Steps for A Call Setup from BS to MS BS MS 2. Ready to establish a path 3. Use frequency/time slot/code (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA) 4. Ready for communication 5. Start communication 1. Call for MS # pending

26. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 26 Network Architectures and Protocols Systematic Signaling Steps for Information Exchange Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) – Work in progress Mobile IP

27. Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 27 Ad Hoc Network

28. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 28 Wireless Sensor Networks

29. Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 29 Wireless LAN and PAN Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) using the IEEE 802.11 HiperLAN is a European Standard Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN) Bluetooth HomeRF