1. Chapter 7 – Built Environment

2. Introduction What is built environment? Two strategies to consume less resources – Use less material – Use more material for higher energy efficiency in the occupation phase In OECD countries building use – 30 to 50% of raw materials – 25 to 45% of final energy consumption – 40% of waste to landfills

3. 7.1.1-7.1.2 Terms – GHGE neutral – Carbon neutral – Net zero Policy and codes – Efficiency ratings – LEED – not based on full LCA

4. 7.2 Case Studies in Built Environment Building long-lived – What is functional unit – How has it changed Tradeoff between products when it is built and future energy consumption – Insulation, plastic sealing, efficiency

5. 7.2.1 Olympic Stadium LCA to quantify impacts of stadium Scope included – Procurement (raw material extraction through delivery to building site) – Construction and change orders – Operation and maintenance for 50 years – Demolition

6. Life Cycle Stages Considered Total life cycle – functional unit was the sum of procurement, construction, operation, and demolition – Procurement of materials – functional unit materials needed – Construction – function unit construction of stadium – Operation – functional unit was estimated events and spectators – Demolition – functional unit demolition

7. Further Information on Scope Soft furnishings neglected Systems outside boundary of stadium – Precinct works – Outbuildings

8. 7.2.1.1 Results Table 7.2 (Horne et al., 2009) ProcurementConstructionOperationDemolitionTotal Primary energy (TJ) 1370 18% 150 2% 6000 79% 80 1% 7600 GHGE (‘000 tonnes CO2e) 140 22% 10 2% 470 75% 5 1% 625 Solid wastes (‘000 tonnes) 80 12% 50 7% 160 24% 385 57% 675 Water (‘000 tonnes) 680 22% 90 3% 2250 74% 5 1% 3025 Operation a big factor

9. 7.2.2 Building Materials Type of material impacts operational characteristics – Two buildings with same materials will have different energy performance – Installation differences Scenarios investigated – Business as usual – More multi-residential – Reduced demolition, plus many others

10. 7.2.2.1 - Results Figure 7.3 Horne et al., 2009

11. Figure 7.4 Horne et al., 2009

12. Figure 7.5 Horne et al., 2009

13. 7.3 Future Directions Improve thermal efficiency to reduce GHGE – Could lead to more embodied energy – Operational aspects a big part of a building Building rating tools partially built on LCA – Improved data – LCA can help with functional units for tools Energy per house Energy per resident of house Energy per m2

14. 7.3 Future cont. Appliances often not considered, but LCA could help with metrics and labeling LCA in urban planning – I would say roads and water – Greenspace LCA on an assemblage basis – 2x4 wall section