1. Dr. John P. Abraham Professor UTPA

2.  Particularly attacks university computers  Primarily originating from Korea, China, India, Japan, Iran and Taiwan

3.  Access control is the process by which resources or services are granted or denied ◦ Identification – presentation of credentials ◦ Authentication – verification of the credentials that they are genuine ◦ Authorization – granting permission for admittance ◦ Access – right to use specific resources ◦ Accounting – measures the resources a user consumes. May provide evidence of problems from log files.

4.  System generates a unique password on demand that is not reusable. ◦ Time-synchronized OTP used in conjunction with a token. The token is something like a modern keyless car key. The server and the token uses similar algorithm to generate a key every 30 to 60 seconds. The key is only valid as long as it is displayed on the token. It can be used to login with a user name just once. ◦ Challenge based OTP. When a user attempts to login, the server issues a random number. This number is entered into the token which generates a key.

5. Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition One-Time Passwords (continued) 5

6.  A persons unique characteristics.  Fingerprints, faces, hands, irises and retinas.

7. Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition Standard Biometrics (continued) 7

8.  Keystroke dynamics ◦ User’s unique typing rhythm – dwell time (time to press and release) and flight time (time between keystrokes)  Voice recognition  Computer footprinting (computer habits of a person). Suppose person usually access the bank record from home at certain time.

9.  Related to the perception, thought process and understanding of the user. User’s life experiences. Such as memorable events, specific questions only the person would know.

10.  Single and multi-factor authentication  Single sign-on – one authentication to access multiple accounts or applications. Example windows live id. ◦ Windows live id was introduced in 1999 as.net passport. ◦ When a user wants to log into a web site that supports windows live id, the user will first be redirected to the nearest authentication server, where he/she enters the name and password; once authenticated the user is given an encrypted time- limited global cookie that is stored along with an encrypted id tag. This id tag is then sent to the web site, which in turn checks the cookie on the users computer, and places its on cookie. The use of global and local cookies is the basis of live id.

11.  Provides users with control of their digital identities. ◦ Allows users to create and use virtual business cards that contain information that identifies the user. Websites can ask for their card rather than requiring them for username and password. ◦ Users can download cards from identity providers such as their bank or e-commerce website (managed cards). Personal cards are general- purpose information card created by the user himself. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/products/winf amily/cardspace/default.mspx http://www.microsoft.com/windows/products/winf amily/cardspace/default.mspx

12.  decentralized authentication  Open source federated identity management  url based identity system. Example, myopenid.com creates a web url for you. http://jpabraham.myopenid.com/ http://jpabraham.myopenid.com/

13.  Dedicated servers for AAA (authentication, authorization, accounting)  Example: Radius, Kerberos, CACACS+  Also generic servers built on lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

14.  Remote Authentication Dial in User Service  Developed in 1992  Suitable for high-volume service such as dial in access to corporate network  Allows an organization to maintain user profiles in a central database that all remote servers can share

15.  Developed by MIT  Can be used with vista, win 2008, apple mac os x, and linux  When user wants to use a network service, the user is issued a ticket by Kerberos (which is very similar to a driver license, used to cash checks)

16.  Runs over TCP/IP, making it ideal for Internet and intranet application  Developed by Netscape communications and the university of mitchigan in 1996

17.  Remote Access Services (RAS)-Microsoft’s built-in remote access modem tools for windows NT  VPNs - Remote-access vpn and virtual private dial-up network ◦ Can be software based or hardware based.

18.  Uses an unsecured public network such as the internet as if it were a secure network.  It does this by encrypting data that is transmitted between the remote device and the network.  Remote access VPN ( virtual private dialup network) ◦ User-to-LAN ◦ Site-to-site vpn: multiple sites connects together. (lan to lan) ◦ VPN concentrator is a dedicated hardware which aggregates multiple connections

19.  When VPNs on two ends are not controlled by the same company, it is better to use software based VPN.  Best for travelling people, because they do not have carry another hardware.  Does not have quite the security of the hardware devices.  Does not have the same performance as the hardware devices.