2.  Entrainment Technologies › Audio Entrainment › Audio-Visual Entrainment  Questions  Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback › Live Demonstration › Questions

3.  Using auditory signals to influence brainwaves  “relaxation” CD’s  2 (or more) parts › Frequency tones › Masking music

4.  Presentation of a sound (click)  Brain responds in consistent way  If sounds are evenly spaced  Can induce specific frequency

5.  Isochronic Tones › Evenly spaced tones › Turn on and off quickly › Produce strong evoked response › Psychologically appealing › Tone frequency entrains brainwaves “Frequency following response”

6.  2 different tones at slightly different pitches into separate ears  Brain subtracts difference and perceives as sound within head  “phantom sound”

7.  Binaural is unlikely to produce significant BWE, but can by hypnotic and relaxing  Isochronic tones are strongly entraining

8.  Mixed-Bag  Audio used binaural rather than isochronic  Small sample size  Varied frequencies (3 hz vs. 10 hz)  Single Session studies  See Huang, T. & Charyton, C. (2008). A comprehensive review of the psychological effects of brainwave entrainment. Alternative Therapies Sep/Oct, Vol. 14, No. 5.

9.  Randomized, double-blind  104 patients undergoing general anesthesia for surgery  When listening to music CD with binaural beats, anxiety decreased by 26.3% (p=.001) compared to control  Patients that listened to CD without BB, anxiety decreased by 11% (p=.15)  Control group (TV or read), anxiety decreased 3.8%

10.  Easily available › downloadable  Cost effective › Costs generally range from free to $20  Portable › iPod › Smart phone  Applications › Test preparation › Sleep

11.  Internet search › “relaxation CD’s using isochronic tones” › Hemi-sync.com › Eoinstitute.org › Musicmefree.com  Phone apps › Brainwave Tuner › Brain Booster

12.  Light and Sound Stimulation  Glasses flash lights at specific frequency  Tones in headphones at same frequency  Brain waves match these frequencies › Entrainment › Increases or decreases nervous system arousal.

13. Audio Visual Entrainment

14.  Eyes-closed 18.5 hz photic entrainment › Increased 18.5 hz EEG by 49%  Eyes-open 18.5 hz auditory entrainment › Increased 18.5 hz EEG by 27%  Eyes-closed 18.5 hz auditory entrainment › Increased 18.5 hz EEG by 21%  Frederick, Lubar, Rasey, Brim, & Blackburn (1999). Effects of 18.5 Hz Audiovisual Stimulation on EEG Amplitude at the Vertex. Proceedings AAPB Thirteenth Anniversary Annual Meeting, 42-45.

15.  Gently turn off mental chatter › Stimulus overload leading to mental “confusion” › Possibly hypnotic induction › The brain “let’s go”  Apply BWE later in session

16.  Beta (14-30)-stimulating, good for ADHD  Alpha (8-13)-use first, best entrainment, good for deep relaxation  Theta (4-7)-forming new habits, repressed memories, sleep  Delta (1-3)-going to bed  Dual Stimulation-left/right hemisphere  Ganzfeld Stimulation-passive, non- entraining, repetitive

17. NFB and AVE to increase alpha and decrease high beta for anxiety

18. Adult Woman, Excessive Worry, Strong Emotional Reactions

19.  Relaxation Training  ADHD and Learning  Depression  Anxiety  Autism Spectrum Disorders  Seasonal Affective Disorder  TMJ  Chronic Pain/Fibromyalgia

20.  Comprehensive Review of Research:  Consistent, positive findings: › Verbal Skills › Attention › Memory › Stress/Anxiety › Pain › Behavior (in children)

21.  113 college students  4 groups: worry exposure, expressive writing, AVE, control  Each practiced 3x/week  Worry exposure and AVE showed significant improvements in all measures compared to other groups  AVE had best follow-through

22. www.mindalive.com www.toolsforwellness.com

24.  The process of measuring and displaying physiological processes with the goal of increased awareness and control. › Increased awareness of physiological processes › Voluntary control over body and mind

25.  Muscle activity (EMG)  Skin Temperature  Electrodermal Activity (GSR, SCR)  Respiration/Capnometry  Heart Rate Variability  Blood Pressure  Brain Electrical Activity (EEG)  Brain Blood Flow (HEG)

26.  HRV = heart rate changes with every heartbeat.  HRV should not be confused with heart rate  HRV is associated with autonomic nervous system functioning › Balance between SNS and PNS = High HRV › Sympathetic activation = Low HRV

27.  HRV is an important indicator of both physiological resiliency and behavioral flexibility.  Low HRV is associated as an independent predictor of future health problems.  HRV can be thought of as a general measure of adaptability › Diminished HRV a sign of vulnerability to stress

29.  5-8 breaths per minute for balanced nervous system  Paced diaphragmatic breathing restores synchrony between respiratory and cardiovascular systems (Gervitz, 1999) › 6 breaths per min seems ideal for synchrony  Should feel comfortable and not forced  Advanced: exhale longer than inhalation

30.  Externally Paced › 6 breaths/minute › Coherence Coach › DoAsOne (www.doasone.com)  Phone Apps › BreathBiofeedback (Free) › Breath Pacer Lite (Free) › MyCalmBeat (Free) › DoAsOne (Free through iTunes)

32.  Reduced anxiety immediately after 10 minute practice in college students (Tarrant, 2011)  Reduced anxiety improved mood in highly anxious college students after 4 weeks (Henriques, et. al., 2011)  15 min. of RSA biofeedback resulted in significant shifts in brain functioning in areas associated with stress response (Sherlin, et. al., 2010)

33.  Self-service  Individual sessions  Biofeedback Lab  Classes (3-weeks)  Embedded in existing classes  For credit class (1 credit hour)

34.  www.Heartmath.com www.Heartmath.com › (emWave)  www.resperate.com www.resperate.com  www.stresseraser.com www.stresseraser.com

36.  Audio Programs › www.hemi-sync.com www.hemi-sync.com › www.EOInstitute.org www.EOInstitute.org › www.musicmefree.com www.musicmefree.com  Audio Visual Entrainment › www.mindalive.com www.mindalive.com › www.toolsforwellness.com www.toolsforwellness.com  HRV and RSA Biofeedback › www.heartmath.com www.heartmath.com › www.resperate.com www.resperate.com › www.stresseraser.com www.stresseraser.com