1. FEM4105 Psychology of Personality & Human Dynamics BS(PM)-PJJ INSTRUCTOR: SITI NOR BINTI YAACOB, PhD. sitinor@upm.edu.my/012-2841844

2. Aggression -Refers to behavior between members of the same species that is intended to cause humiliation, pain, or harm. - Behavior that is intended to inflict harm on another person and it can be physical, mental or verbal aggression. - Intentional behavior aimed at causing either physical or psychological pain to another person. - Seen as blaming the victim, who deserves the negative events to which he or she has been subjected. Violence - An extreme form of aggression, such as assault, rape or murder. - Violence has many causes, including frustration, exposure to violent media, violence in the home or neighborhood and a tendency to see other people's actions as hostile even when they're not.

3. Different forms of aggression accompanied by different act of violence such as criminal violent (injure people), sexual assault (rape and rape attempt), domestic violence (family abuse), adolescent violence (rape, attack teacher, fight, vandalism) and collective violence (terrorists).

4. 1. Reactive relational aggression Includes hostile, affective, retaliatory is used in response to feeling attacked, threatened, or mad. Simply anger and aimed to bring injury or harm to deserved people that they think. It is an act of aggression stemming from feelings of anger towards a particular target such as person or situation. Since provoked by pain or upset, anything that increase emotional arousal increases likelihood of hostile aggression. Hostile impulses are likely to lead to fatal actions if accompanied by facilitating stimuli, e.g. weapons.

5. 2. Instrumental relational aggression Includes predatory, goal-oriented is used in order for an individual to get what they want, not necessary caused by anger or emotion. Molded by environmental reward and social learning. Goaled to gain some desired awards, e.g. money or valuable goods. In some situation, instrumental relational aggression derived from self protection and defense, and is seen in situation such as war where individuals are commanded to act violently by superior.

6. 1. Biological factor Freud and Lorenz believed that aggression is an instinct that must be out. Aggression is directed to and often originates from outside stimuli, but has a very distinct internal character. 2. Cultural influences Aggression is a cross-culturally variable, for example war among different community(or tribes) and culture may be accentuated due to scarce resources.

7. 3. Individual Differences Also influence aggression because aggressiveness is a trait, relatively stable over time and partly due to hereditary factors. Physiologically, it may be influenced by specific brain structures and may be affected by hormones, alcohol or drugs. 4. Environmental Factors Have many sources of aggression available in the social and physical environment, whereby the environment offers a lot cues and stimulus that may trigger aggressive behavior among people, e.g. aggression as a response to aggression, physical pain, heat, frustration, those without reasonable explanations, arousal, alcohol, etc.

8. 4(a) Economic frustration Can contribute to social upheavals. J-curve theory: violent social revolutions are most likely to occur when a prolonged period of economic development is followed by a brief period of economic reversal. 4(b) Media Source for aggressive cues and the weapons effect. Behaviors like aggression may be partially learned by watching and imitating the behavior of others. A smaller effect of violent video games on aggression than has been found with television violence on aggression. Evidence of strong causal relationship between children’s viewing violent TV program and behaving aggressively. Viewing violent pornography increase aggression, especially lead men to hold negative attitudes toward women and to endorse rape myths.

10. 1. Psychoanalytic Theory of Aggression - Freud hypothesized that aggressive behavior is principally the result of an innate motives mainly the Eros and Thanatos. - Eros is an innate drives for physical pleasure such as sexual, while Thanatos refer to innate drives leading to destruction and violence. - The inborn destructive tendency creates a drive state that must be reduce. Confronting with such situation, the person therefore engages in aggressive behavior that serves to satisfy and temporarily eliminate the uncomfortable drive state. - Aggression resulting from the death instinct may be directed inward (lead to feelings of worthlessness and depression, e.g. suicide) or outward (lead to hostility toward others). - Specific aggressive behavior patterns are learned experiences and learning processes during childhood, but biological elements is still underlying basis for aggression.

11. 2. Evolutionary perspective - Based on the survival instinct. According to Konrad Lorenz (1996), all human being have the fighting instinct, i.e. an innate biological basis. - The roots of human aggression lie in the defensive aggression seen in many animal species(Albert et al.,1993; Rushton, 1997). - Aggression may be accentuated if taken together with alcohol, low blood sugar levels or if injected with male hormones.

12. 3. Social learning perspective - Includes people learn from their experience, people thought they will be rewarded for aggressive behavior, and people encouraged to be aggressive due to specific social condition. - According to the operant conditioning approach, aggressive behavior develops as result of a pattern of positive and negative reinforcements, and from there they learn how to behave and act according to their social and culture context. - 4 fundamental factor : Learning is motivated by drive Learning is given direction and guidance by cues Learning involves a response Learning constitutes reinforcement - Most behavior is learned by observing people who serves as model and information (parent, teacher, etc.). Hence, children who exposed to domestic violence or criminal family are most likely to be violent adult. (Keenan & Shaw, 1994; O’ Keffe, 1994)

13. Review from Journal Article Title: Emotion regulation and aggression (Roberton, T., Daffern, M., Bucks,R.,S., emotion regulation and aggression, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2011, doi:10.1016/ j.avb.2011.09.006) - About impact of deliberate emotion regulation on aggression, by integrating findings from recent emotion regulation research with a contemporary model of aggressive behavior, the General Aggression Model. i) Under-regulate anger and other emotions may be more likely to behave aggressively in an attempt to repair, terminate, or avoid uncomfortable emotional states

14. ii) Over-regulation of emotion may lead to aggressive behavior by increasing negative effect, reducing inhibitions against aggression, compromising decision making processes, diminishing social networks, increasing physiological arousal and hindering the resolution of difficult situations. - 3 skills that can underlie deliberate emotion regulation such as emotional awareness, emotional acceptance and proficiency in a variety of emotion regulation strategies.

15. Increase penalties for violence Reduce violence on television Reduce children’s exposure to violence Reduce alcohol and drug use Reduce the availability of cues for aggression Directly instruct youth & adults to avoid violence Emphasize the ‘power of positive thinking’ Emphasize antiviolence norms Establish school and community anti-violence programs Reduce unemployment and stabilize employment

16. Malaysian Cases: Teach and practice the religion Ensure that children and adolescent perform a good solat/ prayer for the Muslim and good prayer for the others according to own religious teaching Stop showing wrestling program at TV’s Teach our children Rukun Negara Among the campaign implemented by the government includes: Kempen masyarakat penyayang Kempen Budi Bahasa Kempen Bersih, Cekap dan Amanah Penubuhan Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Interreligous Interfaith Council