1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 1 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I C H A P T E R 2 Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 2 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.4 (a) Automotive circuits

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 3 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.4 (b) Equivalent electrical circuit

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 4 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.8 (a) Electrical vehicle battery pack

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 5 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.8 (b) Illustration of KVL (b) Power converter and motor v batt1 + – v drive + – v batt2 +– v batt3 +– v batt31 +–

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 6 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.10 Various representations of an electrical system Headlight Car battery +– R i i + – v Source Load (a) Conceptual representation Power flow (b) Symbolic (circuit) representation (c) Physical representation + _ i + – v V S

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 7 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.18 Volt-ampere characteristic of a tungsten light bulb

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 8 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.20 The resistance element

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 9 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.22 Resistor color code b 4 b 3 b 2 b 1 Color bands black brown red orange yellow green 0 1 2 3 4 5 blue violet gray white silver gold 6 7 8 9 10% 5% Resistor value = (b 1 b 2 ) 10 b 3 ; b 4 = % tolerance in actual value

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 10 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.30 The current 1.5 V + _ R v+– v–+ + – v i R i flows through each of the four series elements. Thus, by KVL, 1.5 =v 1 + v 2 + v 3 R 1 R 2 R 3 R n R N R EQ N series resistors are equivalent to a single resistor equal to the sum of the individual resistances.

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 11 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.32 Parallel circuits

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 12 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.36 Wheatstone bridge circuits

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 13 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.37 A force-measuring instrument

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 14 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.38 Practical voltage source

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 15 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.39 Practical current source

16. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 16 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.41 Measurement of current

17. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 17 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.42 Measurement of voltage

18. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 18 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.43 Models for practical ammeter and voltmeter r m A Practical ammeter V Practical voltmeter r m

19. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 19 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.44 Measurement of power i

20. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 20 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.45 Definition of a branch a

21. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 21 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.47 Definition of a node Examples of nodes in practical circuits Node a Node b v S i S Node cNode a Node b Node

22. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 22 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.48 Definition of a loop

23. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 23 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 2.49 Definition of a mesh