1. Rome….AgainRome….Again

2. Julius Caesar PompeyCrassus Military hero, defeated Pompey, made dictator, weakened Senate Richest man in Rome Military hero, chosen by Senate to rule after death of Crassus Accomplishments of the 1 st Triumvirate First Triumvirate

3. In the face of civil War Rome went from being a Republic to now being a Regime known as the Roman Empire.

4. CAESAR ERA (100 - 44BC) 53-50 BC - Julius Caesar conquers Gaul. The Gauls resist Caesar's army and revolt, led by a young Gallic chieftain, Vercingetorix. The siege of Alesia forces them to surrender and Gaul is won. Julius Caesar turns his attention to seizing supreme power in Rome itself. 49 BC - Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Civil war begins. After his victory in Gaul, Caesar is so popular that the nervous Senate calls on him to resign and disband his army or risk being declared an 'Enemy of the State'. Caesar decides to march on Rome and crosses the Rubicon River with a standing army, throwing the empire into civil war.

5. 43 BC - Second triumvirate formed. Powerful senators Lepidus, (Marc) Antony and Octavian (later called Augustus) take over and agree to rule together in the Second Triumvirate. Each has absolute powers in different territories of the empire. Octavian controls Africa, Sicily, Sardinia, Italy and eventually Spain; Antony rules the Greek East, including Egypt; while Lepidus controls Gaul and Further and Nearer Spain. 42 BC - Brutus and Cassius defeated in Greece. The Second Triumvirate engineers the downfall of Brutus and Cassius, the assassins of Julius Caesar, at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. Octavian as young man

6. 36 BC - Lepidus defeated. The Second Triumvirate is destabilized by the jealousies and ambitions of its members. Lepidus is defeated in battle, leaving Octavian and Antony to fight for supremacy. Octavian and Antony vie for power

7. AUGUSTUS ERA (31 - 14) 32-31 BC - Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. Antony establishes a base of operations in the Bay of Actium, in northwest Greece. Cut off from his supply lines and outnumbered by Octavian's fleet, he tries to escape to Asia Minor. Only Cleopatra's ships manage to escape, followed by Antony with a few Roman stragglers. The rest of Antony's forces surrender after only token resistance. Octavian tells the world that Antony and Cleopatra fled in fear. Portrait of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt

8. 30 BC - Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide. Antony knows he will be executed and Cleopatra does not want to be paraded as a spoil of war, so they take their own lives before they are captured by Roman troops. Octavian turns Egypt into a Roman province and takes Cleopatra's vast royal treasure. His victory is complete and incredibly profitable, boosting his reputation considerably. 28-29 BC - Octavian, now in control, is appointed Princeps Senatus. Octavian returns to Rome with great wealth, prestige and the entire military strength of the empire at his disposal. In the official record of his achievements (the Res Gestae), he later proclaims: "with universal consent I was in complete control of affairs." He is appointed Princeps Senatus, the leader of the Roman Senate. Ancient Egyptian sphinx

9. 27 BC - Octavian is renamed Augustus. Octavian, in a remarkable gesture, renounces all his powers, and transfers them to the Senate and the people of Rome. The Senate protests and grants him even greater powers. He receives the name Augustus and becomes the first Emperor of Rome. This event marks the start of the period of Pax Romana, or 'Roman Peace', seen as a time when the empire was in its glorious prime. 19 BC - Poet Virgil dies. The poet Virgil dies, after a lifetime writing about farming and pastoral life. His unfinished epic poem, The Aeneid, which echoes popular sentiment that Rome would rise from the ruins, is published posthumously. Octavian becomes Augustus

10. 18-17 BC - Reforms including a census and moral legislation. Augustus oversees a census of the people and introduces moral legislation to promote marriage and the family. He sets about portraying his reign as one that introduces a moral, as well as political and cultural, renaissance in Rome. He is a genuine believer in the Mos Maiorum ("the custom of the forefathers") - an idyllic idea of the past, in which people had better morals and lived more correctly. 12 BC - Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus. Augustus assumes the office of Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the collegium of the Pontifices and the highest position in Roman religion. From now on, every emperor automatically takes this title. Augustus builds temples throughout the Empire

11. 11 BC - Julia and Tiberius marry. Augustus forces his stepson, Tiberius, to divorce his wife against his will. Tiberius then marries the daughter of Augustus - Julia. 6 BC - Trouble with Tiberius. Tiberius abandons Julia and retires to Rhodes, believing that Augustus plans to ignore him as his successor. ca. 6-4 BC - Jesus born. Jesus is born in Bethlehem in Judea, the city where King David had been born a thousand years earlier. Accounts vary, but in the popular story told by the apostle Luke, Joseph and a very pregnant Mary travel more than 90 miles from their home in Nazareth to Joseph's hometown of Bethlehem. Here, their son is born - to be counted in a Roman census. Roman fresco of Christ

12. ca. 1 BC - Ovid publishes The Art of Love. Ovid, a popular writer, published Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love"). This is a series of three books about the art of seduction, written in verse. The publication may be at least partly why the Emperor Augustus banishes Ovid to the provinces. 2 AD - Heir to Augustus named. Tiberius is summoned back to Rome and named the heir of Augustus. He is then sent off to the Rhine frontier, where he advances to the Elbe and plans the conquest of the Marcomanni, a Germanic tribe. Statue of the poet Ovid

13. 9 AD - Trouble in the provinces. Tiberius puts down a revolt in Pannonia and Illyricum and returns to Rome victorious. Meanwhile, in Germany, a coalition of local tribes slaughters three Roman legions - one tenth of Rome's forces. Their General, Varus, commits suicide. As a result, Germania remains independent and is never included in the Roman Empire. Germany resists imperial rule