1. Prof. Ravindra Gaikwad Department Of Geography S. N. Arts, D. J. M. Commerce & B.N.S. Science College Sangamner – 422605 Contemporary Issues & Geography Economic Issues Email ID- georavindra@gmail.comgeoravindra@gmail.com Phone - 9850448093 Prof. Ravindra Gaikwad Department Of Geography S. N. Arts, D. J. M. Commerce & B.N.S. Science College Sangamner – 422605 Contemporary Issues & Geography Economic Issues Email ID- georavindra@gmail.comgeoravindra@gmail.com Phone - 9850448093

2. ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ã ‚ãããä¥ã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ã Globalization & Libralization ‚ã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãßã¦ã 1970 ¶ãâ¦ãÀ ããØããä¦ã‡ãŠãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã Ìã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÊãã ÔãìÁÌãã¦ã ¢ããÊããè. ºãÖìÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ‡ãŠâ¹ã¶¾ãã ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãñŠÞ¾ãã ¹ãƼããÌããŒããÊããèÊã ‚ããâ¦ãÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ¶ãã¥ãñ ãä¶ã£ããè ( IMF)¾ããâÞ¾ãã ½ã㣾ã½ãã¦ãî¶ã ‡ãŠãà ªñ¦ãã¶ãã Êã㪥¾ãã¦ã ¾ãñ¥ããžãã ‚ã›ãè¦ãî¶ã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞããè ‡ãŠãÀÌããƒÃ ÔãìÁ ¢ããÊããè. ‚ã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãßã¦ã 1970 ¶ãâ¦ãÀ ããØããä¦ã‡ãŠãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã Ìã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÊãã ÔãìÁÌãã¦ã ¢ããÊããè. ºãÖìÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ‡ãŠâ¹ã¶¾ãã ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãñŠÞ¾ãã ¹ãƼããÌããŒããÊããèÊã ‚ããâ¦ãÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ¶ãã¥ãñ ãä¶ã£ããè ( IMF)¾ããâÞ¾ãã ½ã㣾ã½ãã¦ãî¶ã ‡ãŠãà ªñ¦ãã¶ãã Êã㪥¾ãã¦ã ¾ãñ¥ããžãã ‚ã›ãè¦ãî¶ã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞããè ‡ãŠãÀÌããƒÃ ÔãìÁ ¢ããÊããè.

3. ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ã ‚ãããä¥ã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ã Globalization & Libralization ¼ããÀ¦ã ÔãÀ‡ãŠããè¶ãñ 24 ãîÊãõ 1991 ½ã£¾ãñ ¶ãÌããè¶ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¥ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÁ¶ã ºããããÀããä£ããäÓŸ¦ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¶ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÀÊãñ ¦ãòÌÖã¹ããÔãî¶ã Œãžãã ‚ã©ãöãñ ¼ããÀ¦ãã¦ã ŒããããäØã‡ãŠÀ¥ã, „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ã Ìã ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÔã ÔãìÁÌãã¦ã ¢ããÊããè.

4. ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ã Globalization “ ªñÍããÞ¾ãã Àãã‡ãŠãè¾ã ‚ãããä¥ã ¼ããõØããñãäÊã‡ãŠ Ôããè½ãã ÀñÓãã ‚ããñÊããâ¡î¶ã ‡ãñŠÊãñ ãã¥ããÀñ ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠̾ãÌãÖãÀ ½Ö¥ããñ ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ã Öãñ¾ã. ” ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ãã¦ã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ „¦¹ã㪶ãñ, Íãñ¦ã½ããÊã, Øãìâ¦ãÌã¥ãî‡ãŠ, ¼ããâ¡ÌãÊã, ÀãñãØããÀ, Ñã½ã, ºããõãä£ã‡ãŠ Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããè ƒ. ªñÍããÞ¾ãã Ôããè½ãã ‚ããñÊãã¡î¶ã ªìÔãžãã ªñÍãã¦ã ãã¦ãã¦ã ¦¾ããÌãÀ ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀÞãñ ‡ãŠãñ¥ã¦¾ããÖãè ¹ãƇãŠãÀÞãñ ãä¶ã¾ã¨ãâ¥ã ¶ãÔã¦ãñ. “ ªñÍããÞ¾ãã Àãã‡ãŠãè¾ã ‚ãããä¥ã ¼ããõØããñãäÊã‡ãŠ Ôããè½ãã ÀñÓãã ‚ããñÊããâ¡î¶ã ‡ãñŠÊãñ ãã¥ããÀñ ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠̾ãÌãÖãÀ ½Ö¥ããñ ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ã Öãñ¾ã. ” ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ãã¦ã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ „¦¹ã㪶ãñ, Íãñ¦ã½ããÊã, Øãìâ¦ãÌã¥ãî‡ãŠ, ¼ããâ¡ÌãÊã, ÀãñãØããÀ, Ñã½ã, ºããõãä£ã‡ãŠ Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããè ƒ. ªñÍããÞ¾ãã Ôããè½ãã ‚ããñÊãã¡î¶ã ªìÔãžãã ªñÍãã¦ã ãã¦ãã¦ã ¦¾ããÌãÀ ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀÞãñ ‡ãŠãñ¥ã¦¾ããÖãè ¹ãƇãŠãÀÞãñ ãä¶ã¾ã¨ãâ¥ã ¶ãÔã¦ãñ.

5. ½ãì‡ã‹¦ã ̾ã¹ãÀ £ããñÀ¥ã ãäÌã‡ãŠãäÔã¦ã ªñÍããâ¡î¶ã ãäÌã‡ãŠÔã¶ãÍããèÊã ªñÍããâ‡ãŠ¡ñ Öãñ¥ããÀñ ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠Ôãâ‰ãŠ½ã¥ã ÌããÖ¦ãî‡ãŠ Ì㠪ߥãÌãߥã àãñ¨ãã¦ããèÊã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã¹ãƦãñ‡ãŠ ªñÍãã¶ãñ ̾ãã¹ããÀãÔããŸãè Œãìʾãã ‡ãñŠÊãñʾãã Ôããè½ãã ºãÖìÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ‡ã⊹㶾ããâÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀãè ½ãª¦ã ½ãì‡ã‹¦ã ̾ã¹ãÀ £ããñÀ¥ã ãäÌã‡ãŠãäÔã¦ã ªñÍããâ¡î¶ã ãäÌã‡ãŠÔã¶ãÍããèÊã ªñÍããâ‡ãŠ¡ñ Öãñ¥ããÀñ ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠Ôãâ‰ãŠ½ã¥ã ÌããÖ¦ãî‡ãŠ Ì㠪ߥãÌãߥã àãñ¨ãã¦ããèÊã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã¹ãƦãñ‡ãŠ ªñÍãã¶ãñ ̾ãã¹ããÀãÔããŸãè Œãìʾãã ‡ãñŠÊãñʾãã Ôããè½ãã ºãÖìÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ‡ã⊹㶾ããâÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀãè ½ãª¦ã ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ããÞãñ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Causes of Globalization

6. ÞããØãÊãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã ½ããØããÔãÊãñʾãã ªñÍããâ¶ãã ¶ãÌããè¶ã ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Êãã¼ã ºãããã¹ãñŸãâÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ àãñ¨ãã¦ã ¹ãÆØã¦ããè ÔããâÔ‡ãðŠ¦ããè‡ãŠ ªñÌãã¥ã - ÜãñÌãã¥ã ÀãñãØããÀã¦ã Ìã㤠ÀãÖ¥ããè½ãã¶ããÞãã ªããà „âÞããÌã¦ããñ Êããñ‡ãŠãâÞ¾ãã „¹ã¼ããñؾ㠹ãã¦ãßãè¦ã Ìã㤠Öãñ¦ãñ ¼ããâ¡ÌãÊããè ºããããÀãÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã Öãñ¦ããñ. ÞããØãÊãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã ½ããØããÔãÊãñʾãã ªñÍããâ¶ãã ¶ãÌããè¶ã ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Êãã¼ã ºãããã¹ãñŸãâÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ àãñ¨ãã¦ã ¹ãÆØã¦ããè ÔããâÔ‡ãðŠ¦ããè‡ãŠ ªñÌãã¥ã - ÜãñÌãã¥ã ÀãñãØããÀã¦ã Ìã㤠ÀãÖ¥ããè½ãã¶ããÞãã ªããà „âÞããÌã¦ããñ Êããñ‡ãŠãâÞ¾ãã „¹ã¼ããñؾ㠹ãã¦ãßãè¦ã Ìã㤠Öãñ¦ãñ ¼ããâ¡ÌãÊããè ºããããÀãÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã Öãñ¦ããñ. ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ããÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Effects of Globalization

7. ÌããƒÃ› ¹ããä¥ãã½ã ‚ãã¾ãã¦ã Íãìʇ㊠Ôã½ã㹦ããèÞãã ªìÓ¹ããäÀ¥ãã‡ãŠ ŒããããäØã‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ØããäÀºã Ìã Ñããè½ãâ¦ã ¾ããâÞ¾ã¦ã ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã Ìã㤦ãñ ÔÌãªñÍããè „²ããñØããâ¶ãã £ããñ‡ãŠã ÀãñãØããÀãÞãã ¹ãÆͶã ̾ã¹ããÀã¦ã ãäÌã‡ãŠÔã¶ãÍããèÊã ªñÍããâÌãÀ ‚㶾ãã¾ã ÌããƒÃ› ¹ããä¥ãã½ã ‚ãã¾ãã¦ã Íãìʇ㊠Ôã½ã㹦ããèÞãã ªìÓ¹ããäÀ¥ãã‡ãŠ ŒããããäØã‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ØããäÀºã Ìã Ñããè½ãâ¦ã ¾ããâÞ¾ã¦ã ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã Ìã㤦ãñ ÔÌãªñÍããè „²ããñØããâ¶ãã £ããñ‡ãŠã ÀãñãØããÀãÞãã ¹ãÆͶã ̾ã¹ããÀã¦ã ãäÌã‡ãŠÔã¶ãÍããèÊã ªñÍããâÌãÀ ‚㶾ãã¾ã

8. „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ã Liberalization ¼ããÀ¦ã ÔãÀ‡ãŠããè¶ãñ 24 ãîÊãõ 1991 ½ã£¾ãñ ¶ãÌããè¶ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¥ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÁ¶ã ºããããÀããä£ããäÓŸ¦ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¶ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÀÊãñ ¦ãòÌÖã¹ããÔãî¶ã Œãžãã ‚ã©ãöãñ ¼ããÀ¦ãã¦ã ŒããããäØã‡ãŠÀ¥ã, „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ã Ìã ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÔã ÔãìÁÌãã¦ã ¢ããÊããè. ¾ãã ¦ããè¶ã Ôãâ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã †‡ãŠãä¨ã¦ã¹ã¥ãñ LPG Model ½Ö¥ãî¶ã ‚ããñߌãʾãã ãã¦ãã¦ã, ¹ããè. ÌÖãè. ¶ãÀãäÔãâÖÀãÌã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀ¶ãñ „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞããè ¹ãÆãä‰ãŠ¾ãã ÔãìÁ ‡ãñŠÊããè. ¡ãù ½ã¶ã½ããñÖ¶ã ãäÔãâØã Öñ ¦¾ããÌãñßÞãñ ‚ãã©ãýãâ¨ããè Öãñ¦ãñ. ¦¾ãã¶ããè 1991 ¦ãñ 1993 ÔããÊããè „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞãñ £ããñÀ¥ã ãããäÖÀ ‡ãñŠÊãñ. ¼ããÀ¦ã ÔãÀ‡ãŠããè¶ãñ 24 ãîÊãõ 1991 ½ã£¾ãñ ¶ãÌããè¶ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¥ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÁ¶ã ºããããÀããä£ããäÓŸ¦ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¶ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÀÊãñ ¦ãòÌÖã¹ããÔãî¶ã Œãžãã ‚ã©ãöãñ ¼ããÀ¦ãã¦ã ŒããããäØã‡ãŠÀ¥ã, „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ã Ìã ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÔã ÔãìÁÌãã¦ã ¢ããÊããè. ¾ãã ¦ããè¶ã Ôãâ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã †‡ãŠãä¨ã¦ã¹ã¥ãñ LPG Model ½Ö¥ãî¶ã ‚ããñߌãʾãã ãã¦ãã¦ã, ¹ããè. ÌÖãè. ¶ãÀãäÔãâÖÀãÌã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀ¶ãñ „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞããè ¹ãÆãä‰ãŠ¾ãã ÔãìÁ ‡ãñŠÊããè. ¡ãù ½ã¶ã½ããñÖ¶ã ãäÔãâØã Öñ ¦¾ããÌãñßÞãñ ‚ãã©ãýãâ¨ããè Öãñ¦ãñ. ¦¾ãã¶ããè 1991 ¦ãñ 1993 ÔããÊããè „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞãñ £ããñÀ¥ã ãããäÖÀ ‡ãñŠÊãñ.

9. „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ããÞãñ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Causes of Liberalization A.ÌãñØãÌãñØãß¾ãã ¹ãã¦ãß¾ããÌãÀ ‚ãÔãÊãñÊããè ãä¶ã¾ãâ¥ãñ ‡ãŠ½ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ‡ãŠã¤î¶ã ›ã‡ãŠ¥ãñ B.‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠̾ãÌãÖãÀã¦ããèÊã ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀãè ÖÔ¦ãàãñ¹ã ‡ãŠ½ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ C.‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ÔãÖã¾¾ã¦ã㠇㊽ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ D.ªñÍãã¦ããèÊã Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãã ¹ã¾ããù¦ã Ìãã¹ãÀ Öãñ¥¾ããÔããŸãè ‚ãã©ãÃ̾ãÌãÔ©ãã ‡ãìŠÊããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ A.ÌãñØãÌãñØãß¾ãã ¹ãã¦ãß¾ããÌãÀ ‚ãÔãÊãñÊããè ãä¶ã¾ãâ¥ãñ ‡ãŠ½ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ‡ãŠã¤î¶ã ›ã‡ãŠ¥ãñ B.‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠̾ãÌãÖãÀã¦ããèÊã ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀãè ÖÔ¦ãàãñ¹ã ‡ãŠ½ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ C.‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ÔãÖã¾¾ã¦ã㠇㊽ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ D.ªñÍãã¦ããèÊã Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãã ¹ã¾ããù¦ã Ìãã¹ãÀ Öãñ¥¾ããÔããŸãè ‚ãã©ãÃ̾ãÌãÔ©ãã ‡ãìŠÊããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ

10. „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ããÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Effects of Liberalization A.ªñÍããè ãäÌãªñÍããè „²ããñØã ÔãâÔ©ãñ½ã£¾ãñ Ô¹ã£ããà ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¦ãñ. B.¹ãÀãä‡ãŠ¾ã Øãìâ¦ãÌã¥ãî‡ãŠãèÔã ½ããñ‡ãŠßãè‡ãŠ ãä½ãߦãñ. C.Ô¹ã£ãó½ãìßñ ªñÍããè „²ããñØããâÞããè ‡ãŠã¾ãÃàã½ã¦ãã ‚ãããä¥ã Øãì¥ãÌ㦦ãã Ìã㤦ãñ D.‡ãŠã¶ãØããÀãâÞããè ½ã‡ã‹¦ãñªãÀãè ‡ãŠ½ããè Öãñ¦ãñ. E.‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã Ôã㣾㠇ãŠÀ¥ãñ Íã‡ã‹¾ã ¢ããÊãñ. A.ªñÍããè ãäÌãªñÍããè „²ããñØã ÔãâÔ©ãñ½ã£¾ãñ Ô¹ã£ããà ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¦ãñ. B.¹ãÀãä‡ãŠ¾ã Øãìâ¦ãÌã¥ãî‡ãŠãèÔã ½ããñ‡ãŠßãè‡ãŠ ãä½ãߦãñ. C.Ô¹ã£ãó½ãìßñ ªñÍããè „²ããñØããâÞããè ‡ãŠã¾ãÃàã½ã¦ãã ‚ãããä¥ã Øãì¥ãÌ㦦ãã Ìã㤦ãñ D.‡ãŠã¶ãØããÀãâÞããè ½ã‡ã‹¦ãñªãÀãè ‡ãŠ½ããè Öãñ¦ãñ. E.‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã Ôã㣾㠇ãŠÀ¥ãñ Íã‡ã‹¾ã ¢ããÊãñ.

11. ¹ãƪñãäÍã‡ãŠ ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊã Regional Disparity “ ¹ãƦ¾ãñ‡ãŠ ªñÍããÞ¾ãã ¹ãƪñÍããâÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã †‡ãŠÔããÀŒãã ‚ãã¤ß¦ã ¶ããÖãè. ‡ãŠãÖãè ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔãã¦ã Øããä¦ã½ãã¶ã¦ãã ‚ãã¤ß¦ãñ ¦ãÀ ‡ãŠãÖãè ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔããÞããè Øã¦ããè½ãã¶ã¦ã㠇㊽ããè ‚ãã¤ß¦ãñ. ¾ããÊããÞã ¹ãƪñÍããÞããè ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊã ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. ” ¹ãƪñÍããè‡ãŠ ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã Öãè Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãñ ‚ãÔã½ãã¶ã ãäÌã¦ãÀ¶ã, ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔããÞãñ Ü㛇㊠¾ãã½ãìßñ ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¦ãñ. “ ¹ãƦ¾ãñ‡ãŠ ªñÍããÞ¾ãã ¹ãƪñÍããâÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã †‡ãŠÔããÀŒãã ‚ãã¤ß¦ã ¶ããÖãè. ‡ãŠãÖãè ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔãã¦ã Øããä¦ã½ãã¶ã¦ãã ‚ãã¤ß¦ãñ ¦ãÀ ‡ãŠãÖãè ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔããÞããè Øã¦ããè½ãã¶ã¦ã㠇㊽ããè ‚ãã¤ß¦ãñ. ¾ããÊããÞã ¹ãƪñÍããÞããè ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊã ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. ” ¹ãƪñÍããè‡ãŠ ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã Öãè Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãñ ‚ãÔã½ãã¶ã ãäÌã¦ãÀ¶ã, ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔããÞãñ Ü㛇㊠¾ãã½ãìßñ ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¦ãñ.

12. ¹ãƪñãäÍã‡ãŠ ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊã Regional Disparity ¹ãƪñÍããè‡ãŠ ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã ãäÖ ããØã¦ããè‡ãŠ Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã ‚ããÖñ. ¼ããÀ¦ãã¦ã ¹ãâããºã, ØãìãÀã¦ã, ‡ãŠ¶ããۇ㊠‡ãñŠÀß, ¦ãããä½ã߶ãã¡î, ‚ããâ£ãƹãƪñÔã, ¹ã. ºãâØããÊã ¾ãã Ôãã¾ããâÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ããԦ㠢ããÊãñÊãã ‚ããÖñ. ¦ãÀ ãäºãÖãÀ ½ã. ¹ãƪñÍã, ÀããÔ©ãã¶ã, „. ¹ãƪñÍã ¾ãã Àã¾ããâ¶ãã ããØããä¦ã‡ãŠ ºãú‡ãñŠ¶ãñ ãäºã½ããÁ Àã¾ã ½Ö¥ãî¶ã ÜããñãäÓã¦ã ‡ãñŠÊãñ ‚ããÖñ. ¹ãƪñÍããè‡ãŠ ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã ãäÖ ããØã¦ããè‡ãŠ Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã ‚ããÖñ. ¼ããÀ¦ãã¦ã ¹ãâããºã, ØãìãÀã¦ã, ‡ãŠ¶ããۇ㊠‡ãñŠÀß, ¦ãããä½ã߶ãã¡î, ‚ããâ£ãƹãƪñÔã, ¹ã. ºãâØããÊã ¾ãã Ôãã¾ããâÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ããԦ㠢ããÊãñÊãã ‚ããÖñ. ¦ãÀ ãäºãÖãÀ ½ã. ¹ãƪñÍã, ÀããÔ©ãã¶ã, „. ¹ãƪñÍã ¾ãã Àã¾ããâ¶ãã ããØããä¦ã‡ãŠ ºãú‡ãñŠ¶ãñ ãäºã½ããÁ Àã¾ã ½Ö¥ãî¶ã ÜããñãäÓã¦ã ‡ãñŠÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.

14. ãØãã¦ããèÊã ªñÍããâÞãñ ªÀ¡ãñƒÃ „¦¹ã¸ã

17. ¹ãƪñãäÍã‡ãŠ ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊããÞããè ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Causes of Regional Disparity ¼ããõØããñãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Àãããä‡ãŠ¾ã ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ †ñãä¦ãÖããäÔã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Ôãã½ãããäã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ ½ãã¶ãÌããè ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ ¼ããõØããñãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Àãããä‡ãŠ¾ã ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ †ñãä¦ãÖããäÔã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Ôãã½ãããäã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ ½ãã¶ãÌããè ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ

18. ¹ãƪñãäÍã‡ãŠ ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊããÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Effects of Regional Disparity „²ããñØããÞãñ ‡ãòŠã䳇ãŠÀ¥ã Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãñ ‡ãòŠã䳇ãŠÀ¥ã ãä¼âã¸ã ÀãÖ¥ããè½ãã¶ã ½ãìÊã¼ãî¦ã Ôããñ¾ããéÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ¹ãƪîÓã¥ããÞããè Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã Ôãã½ãããäã‡ãŠ ‚ããäÔ©ãÀ¦ãã Ô©ãâÊãã¦ãÀãÞããè Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã „²ããñØããÞãñ ‡ãòŠã䳇ãŠÀ¥ã Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãñ ‡ãòŠã䳇ãŠÀ¥ã ãä¼âã¸ã ÀãÖ¥ããè½ãã¶ã ½ãìÊã¼ãî¦ã Ôããñ¾ããéÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ¹ãƪîÓã¥ããÞããè Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã Ôãã½ãããäã‡ãŠ ‚ããäÔ©ãÀ¦ãã Ô©ãâÊãã¦ãÀãÞããè Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã

19. ¼ããõØããñãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ

20. ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ

22. „²ããñØããÞãñ ‡ãòŠã䳇ãŠÀ¥ã

23. ¹ãƪîÓã¥ããÞããè Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã

24. Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãã ¹ãìÀñ¹ãîÀ Ìãã¹ãÀ Exploitation of resources ‚ããã䪽ãã¶ãÌãã¹ããÔãî¶ã ¾ãâ¨ã¾ãìØãã¦ããèÊã ½ãã¶ãÌãã¹ã¾ãæã ØãÀãã Ìã ½ããØ㥾ããâÞ¾ãã ¹ãî¦ãæãñÔããŸãè ¹ã¾ããÃÌãÀ¥ããâ¦ã ‚ãŒã⡹ã¥ãñ £ã¡¹ã¡ ÔãìÁ ‚ããÖñ. “ ãä¶ãÔãØããæããèÊã ¾ãã ÌãÔ¦ãìÞããâ ‚ã©ãÌãã ¹ãªã©ããÄÞãã Ìãã¹ãÀ ½ãã¶ãÌãã̪ãÀñ ‡ãñŠÊãã ãã¦ããñ ¦¾ããÔã ÔãâÔãã£ã¶ã ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. ” ãä‡ãâŠÌãã “ ½ãã¶ãÌããÊãã ‡ãŠãñ¥ã¦¾ãã ¶ãã ‡ãŠãñ¥ã¦¾ãã¦ãÀãè ¹ãƇãŠãÀñ „¹ã¾ããñØããè ¹ã¡¥ããÀñ ¹ã¾ããÃÌãÀ¥ããè¾ã Ü㛇㊠½Ö¥ããñ Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããè Öãñ¾ã. ” ‚ããã䪽ãã¶ãÌãã¹ããÔãî¶ã ¾ãâ¨ã¾ãìØãã¦ããèÊã ½ãã¶ãÌãã¹ã¾ãæã ØãÀãã Ìã ½ããØ㥾ããâÞ¾ãã ¹ãî¦ãæãñÔããŸãè ¹ã¾ããÃÌãÀ¥ããâ¦ã ‚ãŒã⡹ã¥ãñ £ã¡¹ã¡ ÔãìÁ ‚ããÖñ. “ ãä¶ãÔãØããæããèÊã ¾ãã ÌãÔ¦ãìÞããâ ‚ã©ãÌãã ¹ãªã©ããÄÞãã Ìãã¹ãÀ ½ãã¶ãÌãã̪ãÀñ ‡ãñŠÊãã ãã¦ããñ ¦¾ããÔã ÔãâÔãã£ã¶ã ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. ” ãä‡ãâŠÌãã “ ½ãã¶ãÌããÊãã ‡ãŠãñ¥ã¦¾ãã ¶ãã ‡ãŠãñ¥ã¦¾ãã¦ãÀãè ¹ãƇãŠãÀñ „¹ã¾ããñØããè ¹ã¡¥ããÀñ ¹ã¾ããÃÌãÀ¥ããè¾ã Ü㛇㊠½Ö¥ããñ Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããè Öãñ¾ã. ”

25. Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãã ¹ãìÀñ¹ãîÀ Ìãã¹ãÀãÞããè ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Causes of Exploitation of resources Ìã㤦ããè Êããñ‡ãŠÔã⌾ãã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã Ìã㤦ãñ ¶ããØãÀãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã ‚ãã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Ìã㤦ãã Ìãã¹ãÀ‚ãã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Ìã㤦ãã Ìãã¹ãÀ ÞãÀã… ‡ãìŠÀ¥ããÞãã Ìãã¹ãÀ Ìã㤦ããè Êããñ‡ãŠÔã⌾ãã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã Ìã㤦ãñ ¶ããØãÀãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã ‚ãã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Ìã㤦ãã Ìãã¹ãÀ‚ãã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Ìã㤦ãã Ìãã¹ãÀ ÞãÀã… ‡ãìŠÀ¥ããÞãã Ìãã¹ãÀ

26. Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãã ¹ãìÀñ¹ãîÀ Ìãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Effects of Exploitation of resources Ìã¶ãÔã⦦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ãÌã¶ãÔã⦦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã ãÊãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ããÊãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Œããä¶ãã Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ãŒããä¶ãã Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã ÍãŦ‡ãŠãèÔãã£ã¶ããâÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã ããä½ããä¶ãÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ãããä½ããä¶ãÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Ìã¶ãÔã⦦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ãÌã¶ãÔã⦦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã ãÊãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ããÊãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Œããä¶ãã Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ãŒããä¶ãã Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã ÍãŦ‡ãŠãèÔãã£ã¶ããâÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã ããä½ããä¶ãÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ãããä½ããä¶ãÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

27. ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã

28. Ìã㤦ãñ ¶ããØãÀãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã

29. ‚ãã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Ìã㤦ãã Ìãã¹ãÀ

30. ÞãÀã… ‡ãìŠÀ¥ããÞãã Ìãã¹ãÀ

31. Ìã¶ãÔã⦦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

32. ãÊãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

33. Œããä¶ãã Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

34. ããä½ããä¶ãÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã