1. Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological Instincts - 314 Instinct is a Pattern of behavior that is: –Fixed –Unlearned –Genetically programmed Examples include: –Migrating –Mating –Rooting –Sucking –grasping

2. Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological William James Wrote “Principles of Psychology” Social behavior instincts are inherited –Love –Sympathy –Modesty Survival instincts also inherited

3. Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological Charles Darwin Theory of the evolution of animals…. Behavior originates from instincts Instincts are ADAPTIVE survival behaviors

4. Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological Ethology (animal behavior) Organisms are born with certain behavior patterns Instincts are inherited dispositions that generate specific behavior patterns designed to attain a goal –Nest building –Bird songs Instincts are genetically transmitted Instincts are called “fixed action patterns”

5. Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological Sociobiological We respond in a manner that preserves our genes…..behavior gives us genetic advantage Herding reduces threats to the individual Aged/non-productive members leave the group to increase family survival chances Parents care for their young

6. Motivation Theories: Drive - Reduction Clark Hull Behavior is from physiological needs –Biological needs/tissue deficit leads to drive –Need to reestablish homeostasis strengthens drive Drives are internal & relate to survival needs –Needs = Food / water / air –Drive ↑ as deprivation continues –Tissue imbalance = deficit = strengthened drive

7. Motivation Theories: Drive - Reduction Clark Hull - 314 Behavior is to reduce need or deficit –Eat / drink / breathe –Behaviors restore balance (homeostasis) –Behaviors are reinforced through reduction of need NOT consistent with Harry Harlow’s “Mother Love” Study - 315

8. Motivation Theories: Arousal Theory Different individuals prefer different levels of stimulation in the environment Individuals SEEK activities that create desired levels of stimulation Individuals AVOID activities that create excessive stimulation

9. Motivation Theories: Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson Law - 325 Relationship between the task and levels of arousal Low difficulty tasks better with high arousal Moderate difficulty needs moderate arousal High difficulty better with low arousal

10. Motivation Theories: Incentive Theory - 316 Motivation produced by need for goal attainment (NOT a drive!) Intrinsic Motivation –Internal need for achievement –Internal reinforcements (positive feelings of accomplishment) Extrinsic Motivation –Tangible / external reinforcements –Rewards & punishments shape behavior

11. Motivation Theories: Incentive Theory Overjustification Effect When extrinsic rewards are provided for a previously intrinsic behavior…… Behavior will decrease What happens….. –at school? –Professional athletes? –?–?

12. Motivation Theories: Cognitive Consistency Theory (Leon Festinger) Beliefs that are in opposition create conflict (cognitive dissonance) Beliefs inconsistent with behavior create conflict (= cognitive dissonance) Individual is motivated to reduce tension created by conflict by….. –Change / modify beliefs, or….. –Change / modify behavior

13. Motivation Theories: Humanistic Theory (Abraham Maslow-326) Hierarchy of Needs – each level must be “met” before moving to next level –Physiological (food / water) –Safety (stable/secure environment) –Belongingness (Acceptance and Love) –Esteem (Achievement / competence) –Self-Actualization (fulfill potential)

14. Motivation Theories: Humanistic Theory (Abraham Maslow-326)