1. Quotes "HE WHO ANGERS YOU CONQUERS YOU" -- ELIZABETH KENNY "NONVIOLENCE IS THE FIRST ARTICLE OFMY FAITH AND IT IS THE LAST ARTICLE OF MY CREED“ -- MAHATMA GANDHI "YOU CANNOT SIMULTANEOUSLY PREVENT AND PREPARE FOR WAR“ -- EINSTEIN “ANGER IS NEVER WITHOUT A REASON, BUT SELDOM WITH A GOOD ONE" -- BENJAMIN FRANKLIN "IF YOU ARE PATIENT IN ONE MOMENT OF ANGER, YOU WILL ESCAPE 100 DAYS OF SORROW“ ‑‑ CHINESE PROVERB

2. OVER 20,000 HOMICIDES AND 90,000 FORCIBLE RAPES/YEAR OVER 1 MILLION CASES OF CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT PER YEAR IF MARRIED, 1/3 CHANCE OF HUSBAND OR WIFE WILL HIT YOU THE NUMBER OF WARS IN RECORDED HISTORY -- 14,531 OR 2.6 EVERY YEAR Aggression/Violence --- Some Statistics Definition AGGRESSION: BEHAVIOR AGAINST ANOTHER LIVING BEING THAT IS INTENDED TO HARM OF INJURE.

3. Gender: Males are most often the victims and the perpetrators in homicides Males were 10 times more likely than females to commit murder Additional statistics (from the U.S. Department of Justice --- 2000) Race: Blacks were 6 times more likely to be homicide victims and 7 times more likely than whites to commit homicides in 2000 Guns: For 1987-96, on average, 65% of homicides in the U.S. involved firearms, compared to 32% for Canada Juvenile homicides: In 1999, about 1,800 juveniles (a rate of 3.0 per 100,000) were victims of homicide in the United States. This rate is substantially higher than that of any other developed country.

4. Columbine High School: 14 students and 1 teacher killed Depressed Mother Kills Her Children Jun. 21, 2001 (CBS) Andrea Yates of Houston, Texas, a mother suffering from postpartum depression, went on a killing spree. The victims were none other than her own five children, all between 7 years and 6 months old. Los Angeles Dealing with Gang Murder Wave 11/22/2002 Los Angeles, Calif., may be on its way to earning the title of murder capital of America as a result of a spasm of 14 homicides in the past five days, the Washington Post reported Nov. 20. Washington Post

5. Year Homicide rate 19504.6 19514.4 19524.6 19534.5 19544.2 19554.1 19564.1 19574.0 19584.8 19594.9 19605.1 19614.8 19624.6 19634.6 19644.9 19655.1 19665.6 19676.2 19686.9 19697.3 Year Homicide rate 19707.9 19718.6 19729.0 19739.4 19749.8 19759.6 19768.8 19778.8 19789.0 19799.7 198010.2 19819.8 19829.1 19838.3 19847.9 19857.9 19868.6 19878.3 19888.4 19898.7 Year Homicide rate 19909.4 19919.8 19929.3 19939.5 19949.0 19958.2 19967.4 19976.8 19986.3 19995.7 20005.5

6. What cultural factors influence the rate of crime? What are some examples of violent behavior?

11. Men tend to favor the death penalty more than women; whites are much more apt to favor it than blacks; those with higher incomes are more likely to support it

12. 178 black people have been executed for killing a white person; 12 white people have been executed for killing a black person. The U.S. is one of only 6 countries in the world to sentence children to death. In 2002, 81 percent of all known executions took place in China, Iran and the USA 109 innocent men have been sentenced to death in the last 20 years. Between 1973-200, 17 juvenile offenders have been executed in the U.S. Some facts about the death penalty "Because the Illinois death penalty system is arbitrary and capricious - and therefore immoral - I no longer shall tinker with the machinery of death" Outgoing Illinois Gov. George Ryan Chicago, Jan. 11, 2003 On June 20, 2002 the Supreme Court issued a ruling, in Atkins v. Virginia, that it is a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel unusual punishment to execute death row inmates with mental retardation In 1989, the Court ruled in Penry v. Lynaugh ), in a 5-4 decision, that executing persons with mental retardation was not a violation of the Eighth Amendment.

13. Executions by State (partial list) Texas 304 Virginia 88 Oklahoma 63 Missouri 60 Florida 56 Georgia 33 South Carolina 28 Alabama 27 Louisiana 27 Arkansas 24 North Carolina 23 Arizona 22 Delaware 13 Illinois 12 California 10 Indiana 10 Nevada 9 Ohio 7 Mississippi 6 Utah 6 Washington 4 Maryland 3 Nebraska 3 Pennsylvania 3 Total executions since 1976 = 855

14. Crime on Television WHAT TYPE OF CRIME MOST COMMON ON TV? VIOLENT CRIME (HOMICIDE, ARMED ROBBERY, ASSAULT) INFORMATION PRESENTED ON WHY CRIME WAS COMMITTED? DISPOSITIONAL REASONS FOR CRIME (E.G., PATHOLOGY, GREED)- [CRIMINALS NOT MORE EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED] LITTLE BACKGROUND INFO ON CRIMINAL (EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS) DEPICTION OF POLICE (ILLUSION OF CERTAINTY) PERCEPTION OF ARREST = GUILTY SMALL % OF INNOCENT PEOPLE ARRESTED ON TV BEST PREDICTOR OF CRIME? INCOME LEVELS BELOW THE POVERTY RATE

15. “HEAVY” VERSUS “LIGHT” TV VIEWERS HEAVY VIEWERS: A)DISPOSITIONAL ATTRIBUTIONS FOR CRIME (ABNORMALITY) B) DISCOUNT SITUATIONAL FACTORS ($, UNEMPLOYMENT) C) UNABLE TO IDENTIFY CONSTITUTIONAL VIOLATIONS BY POLICE IMPLICATIONS? A)VOTING B) JURY SELECTION (IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORIES) C) LAWYERS (PLEA BARGIN--HOW JURY WILL RESPOND) D) CHILDREN E) PRISON REFORM

16. Aggression Factors BIOLOGY AND GENETICS PHYSIOLOGY --- LIMBIC SYSTEM, HORMONES (TESTOSTERONE) PAIN – DISCOMFORT (E.G., HEAT, FRUSTRATION, STRESS) SOCIAL LEARNING --- MODELING (E.G., MEDIA INFLUENCE)

17. 51-53 61-65 71-75 81-85 91-95 101-105 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 # Riots Temperature (Fahrenheit) Temperature and Aggression

18. 40 35 30 25 20 15 Violent Crime Ratio 40-57 69-72 78-80 85-88 93-95 Temperature (Fahrenheit) Temperature and Aggression (cont.)

19. < 70 70-79 80-89 90 and above Temperature (Fahrenheit) HBP per game.6.5.4.3 Temperature and Aggression (cont.)

20. Low aggressorsHigh aggressors Shock intensity 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 Sober Intoxicated Alcohol and Aggression

21. Aggression Levels High Medium Low Low aggressorsHigh aggressors Neutral film Violent film

22. Catharsis -- Venting, Discharging, Expressing One’s Emotions (e.g., hitting a punching bag, watching a violent movie or sport) Venting one’s emotions by displacing aggression, watching an aggressive film, or playing an aggressive video game can increase the likelihood of behaving violently.

23. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIOLENT STIMULI A)BEHAVIOR IS REWARDED B) EXITING (EMOTIONALLY AROUSING) C) REALISTIC D) BEHAVIOR IS JUSTIFIED E) BEHAVIOR IS NOT CRITISIZED F) INTENT TO INJURE

24. Association Between Aggressive Behavior and: Media Violence (e.g., TV, Movies, Video Games) Sports (e.g., Boxing) War Modeling Explanation -- Publicity Effect Victim Similarity (i.e., race of loser) War and Homicide Rates --- Pre and Post war rates Dose of war Labeling Issue

25. % of characters 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Violent characters Victims of violence Perpetrators or victims of violence Children’s shows Prime-time shows

26. AGGRESSIVE CUES AND VIOLENCE TV SHOW NEUTRAL VIOLENT (SWAT TEAM AND USE OF WALKIE- TALKIE) INTERVIEW BEFORE HOCKEY GAME TAPE RECORDERWALKIE-TALKIE PLAYED IN HOCKEY GAME THOSE WHO WATCHED THE VIOLENT TV SHOW AND WERE INTERVIEWED WITH A WALKIE-TALKIE (AGGRESSIVE CUE) BEHAVED MORE AGGRESSIVELY

27. Violence Against Women --- Pornography HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE PORNOGRAPHY? (ANY EXAMPLES?)

28. SUPREME COURT EXPLICIT SEX COMMUNITY STANDARDS DOES NOT POSSESS REDEEMING SOCIAL VALUE

29. Goya, Francisco Goya, Francisco The Nude Maja 1800 Oil on canvas 97 x 190 cm Museo del Prado, Madrid Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique The Turkish Bath 1862 Oil on canvas on wood Diameter 42 1/2" (108 cm) Musee du Louvre, Paris

30. Nude in the Sunlight, 1876, 81x64,5cm. Paris, Musee d'Orsay. Michelangelo's statue of "David." Antonio Allegri, known as Correggio 1489?-1534 Venus, Satyr and Cupid c. 1525 Jean-Jacques, known as James Pradier 1790-1852 Satyr and Bacchante Dated 1834 Marble

31. SOME STATISTICS A)HOW OFTEN HAVE YOU: "USED STRONG PHYSICAL FORCE TO TRY TO ENGAGE IN A SEX ACT AGAINST ANOTHER’S WILL", OR "USED VIOLENCETO TRY TO ENGAGE IN A SEX ACT AGAINST ANOTHER’S WILL"? MALES = 12% FEMALES = 2% B) HOW LIKELY WOULD YOU RAPE A WOMEN IF YOU WERE ABSOLUTELY SURE YOU WOULD NOT BE CAUGHT? (COLLEGE MEN) 35% SOME POSSIBILITY (MALAMUTH, 1981) C) 15% COLLEGE MEN REPORTED HAVING FORCED INTERCOURSE ONCE OR TWICE (RAPAPORT & BURKHART, 1984)

32. Violence Against Women --- Pornography Definition : EROTIC MATERIAL THAT COMBINES ELEMENTS OF SEXUALITY AND AGGRESSION, AND IN WHICH FORCE OR COERSION IS USED TO ACCOMPLISH THE SEXUAL ACT Film Type: Sexually explicit (e.g., X-rated) Violence (e.g., murder, assault) “Teen sex” films Neutral Effects on: Aggressive behavior and attitudes towards women (e.g., mock rape trial) Greek definition – “writing about prostitutes”

33. PARTICIPANTS VIEWED 1 FILM PER DAY FOR FIVE DAYS, THEN SERVED AS JURORS IN A MOCK RAPE TRIAL RESULTS: ATTITUDES – FEMALES AS: A) MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ATTACK B) PUTTING FORTH LESS RESISTANCE C) BEING INJURED LESS SEVERELY D) LESS SYMPATHETIC REACTIONS TO FILMS: A) LESS OFFENSIVE B) LESS VIOLENT C) GREATER ENJOYMENT D) LESS ANXIETY Desensitization