1. Page 3-1

2. Page 3-2 Process Costing Process Costing Managerial Accounting Fifth Edition Weygandt Kimmel Kieso

3. Page 3-3 study objectives 1. 1.Understand who uses process cost systems. 2. 2.Explain the similarities and differences between job order cost and process cost systems. 3. 3.Explain the flow of costs in a process cost system. 4. 4.Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system. 5. 5.Compute equivalent units. 6. 6.Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report. 7. 7.Prepare a production cost report.

4. Page 3-4 preview of chapter 3

5. Page 3-5 Use to apply costs to similar products that are mass-produced in a continuous fashion Examples include the production of Cereal, Paint, and Soft Drinks Illustration 3-1 SO 1 Understand who uses process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems Uses of Process Cost Systems

6. Page 3-6 Illustration 3-2 SO 1 Understand who uses process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems Process and Job Cost Comparison

7. Page 3-7 Which of the following items is not a characteristic of a process cost system: a.Once production begins, it continues until the finished product emerges. b. The focus is on continually producing homogenous products. c. When the finished product emerges, all units have precisely the same amount of materials, labor, and overhead. d. The products produced are heterogeneous in nature. Review Question SO 1 Understand who uses process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems Solution on notes page a.Once production begins, it continues until the finished product emerges. b. The focus is on continually producing homogenous products. c. When the finished product emerges, all units have precisely the same amount of materials, labor, and overhead. d. The products produced are heterogeneous in nature.

8. Page 3-8 Service companies that provide specific, nonroutine services will probably benefit from using a job order cost system. Those that perform routine, repetitive services will probably be better off with a process cost system. SO 1 Understand who uses process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems Process Costing for Service Companies

9. Page 3-9 SO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between job order cost and process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems Similarities and Differences Between Job Order Cost and Process Cost Systems Job Order Cost Costs assigned to each job. Products have unique characteristics. Process Cost Costs tracked through a series of connected manufacturing processes or departments. Products are uniform or relatively homogeneous and produced in a large volume.

10. Page 3-10 Illustration 3-3 SO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between job order cost and process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems Similarities and Differences

11. Page 3-11 SO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between job order cost and process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems Similarities 1.The manufacturing cost elements. 2.The accumulation of the costs of materials, labor, and overhead. 3.The flow of costs. 1.The number of work in process accounts used. 2.Documents used to track costs. 3.The point at which costs are totaled. 4.Unit cost computations. Differences

12. Page 3-12 Illustration 3-4 SO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between job order cost and process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems Similarities and Differences

13. Page 3-13 a. Both a job order and a process cost system track the same three manufacturing cost elements – direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. b. In a job order cost system, only one work in process account is used, whereas in a process cost system, multiple work in process accounts are used. c. Manufacturing costs are accumulated the same way in a job order and in a process cost system. d. Manufacturing costs are assigned the same way in a job order and in a process cost system. Indicate which of the following statements is not correct: Review Question SO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between job order cost and process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems Solution on notes page a. Both a job order and a process cost system track the same three manufacturing cost elements – direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. b. In a job order cost system, only one work in process account is used, whereas in a process cost system, multiple work in process accounts are used. c. Manufacturing costs are accumulated the same way in a job order and in a process cost system. d. Manufacturing costs are assigned the same way in a job order and in a process cost system.

14. Page 3-14 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. 1.A law firm is likely to use process costing for major lawsuits. 2.A manufacturer of paintballs is likely to use process costing. 3.Both job order and process costing determine total costs at the end of a period of time. 4.Process costing does not keep track of manufacturing overhead. False True False Solution on notes page SO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between job order cost and process cost systems. Nature of Process Cost Systems False

15. Page 3-15 Nature of Process Cost Systems Process Cost Flow SO 3 Explain the flow of costs in a process cost system. Illustration 3-5 Tyler Company manufactures automatic can openers that it sells to retail outlets. Manufacturing consists of two processes: machining and assembly. The Machining Department shapes, hones, and drills the raw materials. The Assembly Department assembles and packages the parts.

16. Page 3-16 Accumulation of materials, labor, and overhead costs is same as in job order costing.  Debit Raw Materials Inventory for purchases of raw materials.  Debit Factory Labor for factory labor incurred.  Debit Manufacturing Overhead for overhead cost incurred. Assignment of the three manufacturing cost elements to Work in Process is different. Nature of Process Cost Systems Assigning Manufacturing Costs SO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system.

17. Page 3-17 A process cost system requires fewer material requisition slips than a job order cost system.  Materials are used for processes and not specific jobs  Requisitions are for larger quantities of materials Journal entry to record materials used: Nature of Process Cost Systems Material Costs SO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system.

18. Page 3-18 Time tickets may be used in both systems. All labor costs incurred within a production department are a cost of processing. The journal entry to record factory labor costs: Nature of Process Cost Systems Factory Labor Costs SO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system.

19. Page 3-19 Objective of assigning overhead.  Allocate overhead to departments on an objective and equitable basis. Use the activity that “drives” or causes the costs. Machine time used - primary driver. Journal entry to allocate overhead: Nature of Process Cost Systems Manufacturing Overhead Costs SO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system.

20. Page 3-20 Monthly Entry to transfer goods to next department: Nature of Process Cost Systems Transfer Costs SO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system. Entry to transfer completed goods to Finished Goods: Entry to record Cost of Goods sold at the time of sale:

21. Page 3-21 In making the journal entry to assign raw materials costs: a.The debit is to Finished goods Inventory. b. The debit is often to two or more work in process accounts. c. The credit is generally to two or more work in process accounts. d. The credit is to Finished Goods Inventory. Review Question Nature of Process Cost Systems SO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system. Solution on notes page a.The debit is to Finished goods Inventory. b. The debit is often to two or more work in process accounts. c. The credit is generally to two or more work in process accounts. d. The credit is to Finished Goods Inventory.

22. Page 3-22 K Christel Company manufactures ZEBO through two processes: blending and bottling. In June, raw materials used were Blending $18,000 and Bottling $4,000. Factory labor costs were Blending $12,000 and Bottling $5,000. Manufacturing overhead costs were Blending $6,000 and Bottling $2,500. The company transfers units completed at a cost of $19,000 in the Blending Department to the Bottling Department. The Bottling Department transfers units completed at a cost of $11,000 to Finished Goods. Journalize the assignment of these costs to the two processes and the transfer of units as appropriate. Nature of Process Cost Systems SO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system.

23. Page 3-23 Journalize the assignment of these costs to the two processes. Nature of Process Cost Systems To Record Materials Used: Work in Process—Blending 18,000 Work in Process—Bottling 4,000 Raw Materials Inventory 22,000 To Assign Factory Labor to Production: Work in Process—Blending 12,000 Work in Process—Bottling 5,000 Factory Labor17,000 SO 4

24. Page 3-24 Journalize the assignment of these costs to the two processes. Nature of Process Cost Systems To Assign Overhead to Production: Work in Process—Blending 6,000 Work in Process—Bottling 2,500 Manufacturing Overhead 8,500 SO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system.

25. Page 3-25 Journalize the transfer of units as appropriate. Nature of Process Cost Systems To Record Transfer of Units to the Bottling Department: Work in Process—Bottling 19,000 Work in Process—Blending 19,000 To Record Transfer of Units to Finished Goods: Finished Goods Inventory 11,000 Work in Process—Bottling 11,000 SO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system.

26. Page 3-26 SO 5 Compute equivalents units. Equivalent Units Illustration: Suppose you have a work-study job in the office of your college’s president, and she asks you to compute the cost of instruction per full-time equivalent student at your college. The college’s vice president for finance provides the following information. Costs: Total cost of instruction $9,000,000 Student population: Full-time students 900 Part-time students 1,000 Illustration 3-6

27. Page 3-27 Total cost of instruction $9,000,000 Number of full-time equivalent students / 1,500 $ 6,000 SO 5 Compute equivalents units. Illustration 3-7 Equivalent Units Illustration: Part-time students take 60% of the classes of a full-time student during the year. To compute the number of full-time equivalent students per year, you would make the following computation. Cost of instruction per full-time equivalent student =

28. Page 3-28 Considers the degree of completion (weighting) of units completed and transferred out and units in ending work in process. Most widely used method. Beginning work in process not part of computation of equivalent units. Illustration 3-8 Equivalent Units Weighted-Average Method SO 5 Compute equivalents units.

29. Page 3-29 Illustration: The output of K Christel Company’s Packaging Department during the period consists of 10,000 units completed and transferred out, and 5,000 units in ending work in process which are 70% completed. Calculate the equivalent units of production. Equivalent Units SO 5 Compute equivalents units. Weighted-Average Method Completed units 10,000 Work in process equivalent units (5,000 x 70%) 3,500 13,500

30. Page 3-30 Illustration: Kellogg Company has produced Eggo® Waffles since 1970. Three departments produce these waffles: Mixing, Baking, and Freezing/Packaging. The Mixing Department combines dry ingredients, including flour, salt, and baking powder, with liquid ingredients, including eggs and vegetable oil, to make waffle batter. Illustration 3-9 provides information related to the Mixing Department at the end of June. Equivalent Units SO 5 Compute equivalents units. Refinements on the Weighted-Average Method

31. Page 3-31 Illustration: Information related to the Mixing Department at the end of June. Illustration 3-9 Equivalent Units SO 5 Compute equivalents units. Refinements on the Weighted-Average Method

32. Page 3-32 Conversion costs are labor costs plus overhead costs. Beginning work in process is not part of the equivalent- units-of-production formula. Equivalent Units SO 5 Compute equivalents units. Illustration 3-10

33. Page 3-33 Illustration 3-11 Equivalent Units SO 5 Compute equivalents units. Refined Equivalent Units of Production Formula

34. Page 3-34 The Mixing Department’s output during the period consists of 20,000 units completed and transferred out, and 5,000 units in ending work in process 60% complete as to materials and conversions costs. Beginning inventory is 1,000 units, 40% complete as to materials and conversion costs. The equivalent units of production are: a.22,600b. 23,000 c. 24,000d. 25,000 Review Question Equivalent Units SO 5 Compute equivalents units. Solution on notes page a.22,600b. 23,000 c. 24,000d. 25,000

35. Page 3-35 SO 5 Compute equivalents units. The fabricating department has the following production and cost data for the current month. Equivalent Units Beginning Units Ending Work in Process Transferred Out Work in Process –0– 15,000 10,000 Materials are entered at the beginning of the process. The ending work in process units are 30% complete as to conversion costs. Compute the equivalent units of production for (a) materials and (b) conversion costs.

36. Page 3-36 SO 5 Compute equivalents units. The fabricating department has the following production and cost data for the current month. Equivalent Units Beginning Units Ending Work in Process Transferred Out Work in Process –0– 15,000 10,000 Compute the equivalent units of production for (a) materials and (b) conversion costs. Units transferred out 15,000 Ending work in process units 10,000 25,000

37. Page 3-37 SO 5 Compute equivalents units. The fabricating department has the following production and cost data for the current month. Equivalent Units Beginning Units Ending Work in Process Transferred Out Work in Process –0– 15,000 10,000 Compute the equivalent units of production for (a) materials and (b) conversion costs. Units transferred out 15,000 Equivalent unit in ending WIP (10,000 x 30%) 3,000 18,000

38. Page 3-38 Key document used to understand activities. Prepared for each department and shows Production Quantity and Cost data. Four steps in preparation: Step 1: Compute physical unit flow Step 2: Compute equivalent units of production Step 3: Compute unit production costs Step 4: Prepare a cost reconciliation schedule Equivalent Units Production Cost Report SO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.

39. Page 3-39 Illustration 3-12 Equivalent Units Production Cost Report SO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.

40. Page 3-40 Illustration 3-13 SO 6 Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Illustration: Assumed data for the Mixing Department at Kellogg Company for the month of June.

41. Page 3-41 Physical units - actual units to be accounted for during a period, regardless of work performed. Total units to be accounted for - units started (or transferred) into production during the period + units in production at beginning of period. Total units accounted for - units transferred out during period + units in production at end of period. Compute the Physical Unit Flow (Step 1) Comprehensive Example of Process Costing SO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.

42. Page 3-42 SO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report. Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Compute the Physical Unit Flow (Step 1) Illustration 3-14

43. Page 3-43 Department  Adds materials at beginning of the process.  Incurs conversion costs uniformly during the process. Illustration 3-15 SO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report. Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Compute Equivalent Units of Production (Step 2)

44. Page 3-44 Costs expressed in terms of equivalent units of production. When equivalent units of production are different for materials and for conversion costs, three unit costs are computed: 1.Materials 2.Conversion 3.Total Manufacturing SO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report. Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3)

45. Page 3-45 SO 6 Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3) Compute total materials cost related to Eggo® Waffles: Work in process, June 1 Direct materials costs $ 50,000 Cost added to production during June Direct material cost 400,000 Total material costs$450,000 Illustration 3-17 Solution on notes page Illustration 3-16

46. Page 3-46 SO 6 Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3) Compute total conversion costs related to Eggo® Waffles: Work in process, June 1 Conversion costs $ 35,000 Costs added to production during June Conversion costs 170,000 Total conversion costs$205,000 Solution on notes page Illustration 3-18 Illustration 3-19

47. Page 3-47 SO 6 Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3) Compute total manufacturing costs per unit: Solution on notes page Illustration 3-20 Illustration 3-19

48. Page 3-48 Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Prepare a Cost Reconciliation Schedule (Step 4) Kellogg charged total costs of $655,000 to the Mixing Department in June, calculated as follows. Costs to be accounted for Work in process, June 1 $ 85,000 Started into production570,000 Total costs$655,000 Illustration 3-21 SO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.

49. Page 3-49 Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Prepare a Cost Reconciliation Schedule (Step 4) Illustration 3-22

50. Page 3-50 Comprehensive Example of Process Costing Prepare the Production Cost Report Illustration 3-23 SO 7

51. Page 3-51 Largo Company has unit costs of $10 for materials and $30 for conversion costs. If there are 2,500 units in ending work in process, 40% complete as to conversion costs and fully complete as to materials cost, the total cost assignable to the ending work in process inventory is: a.$45,000. b. $55,000. c. $75,000. d. $100,000. Review Question SO 7 Prepare a production cost report. Solution on notes page a.$45,000. b. $55,000. c. $75,000. d. $100,000. Comprehensive Example of Process Costing

52. Page 3-52 In March, K Christel Manufacturing had the following unit production costs: materials $6 and conversion costs $9. On March 1, it had zero work in process. During March, K Christel transferred out 12,000 units. As of March 31, 800 units that were 25 percent complete as to conversion costs and 100 percent complete as to materials were in ending work in process. Assign the costs to the units transferred out and in process. Costs transferred out $180,000 Work in process, March 31 Materials (800 x $6)$4,800 Conversion costs (200 x $9)1,800 Total costs $186,600 SO 7 Prepare a production cost report. Comprehensive Example of Process Costing

53. Page 3-53 Companies often use a combination of a process cost and a job order cost system. Called operations costing, this hybrid system is similar to process costing in its assumption that standardized methods are used to manufacture the product. At the same time, the product may have some customized, individual features that require the use of a job order cost system. Costing Systems – Final Comments SO 7 Prepare a production cost report. Comprehensive Example of Process Costing

54. Page 3-54  Wal-Mart has 138 million weekly customers.  In 2006 Wal-Mart had annual sales of $312 billion and net income of more than $11.2 billion.  There are about 5,300 Wal-Mart stores worldwide. During a single recent year, it planned on adding 500 more stores, and it believes that the U.S. has room for at least 4,000 more “supercenters.”

55. Page 3-55  During a recent year, 10,000 companies applied to be new suppliers to Wal-Mart. Of those, some 200 (about 2%) were accepted.  Wal-Mart doesn’t like to account for more than 30% of a supplier’s total business for fear that changing an order can destroy the supplier.  As shown in the “About the Numbers” section in the next column, Wal-Mart’s “kingdom” spreads across many different countries. Recently, however, it sold all of its stores in Germany because they could not meet its desired profitability goals.

56. Page 3-56 Wal-Mart continues to grow across the world, but its success varies across countries. The following chart shows total store count in various countries. Source: Based on data from Wal-Mart 2006 Annual Report, p. 51.

57. Page 3-57 Suppose that you were Colin Roche, whose PenAgain pen was recently offered a 30-day trial period at 500 Wal-Mart stores. In order for the product to pass the trial, in one month Wal-Mart needs to sell 85% of the 48,000 pens that it ordered. If it does, it will then order pens for a much wider distribution at many more of its stores. If it doesn’t, the deal is off. The PenAgain company gets between $6.49 and $12 from other retailers for the PenAgain pen, but Wal- Mart is willing to pay only $3.76. Last year total sales of PenAgain were $2,000,000. If you were Colin Roche, would you accept Wal-Mart’s offer?

58. Page 3-58 If you were Colin Roche, would you accept Wal-Mart’s offer? YES: Are you kidding? If only a tiny fraction of Wal-Mart customers buy a pen, the company’s sales will go through the roof. You have to take a shot at it. NO: The risks are high on two counts. First, the company has to dramatically increase its operations in order to meet the production requirements. What will it do with this excess capacity if the deal falls through? Second, the company risks alienating the retailers that it currently supplies with pens. It could lose both Wal-Mart and its existing customers.

59. Page 3-59. SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method. Equivalent Units Under FIFO Equivalent units are the sum of the work performed to: 1.Finish the units of beginning work in process inventory. 2.Complete the units started into production during the period (referred to as the units started and completed). 3.Start, but only partially complete, the units in ending work in process inventory. FIFO Method

60. Page 3-60. SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method. Equivalent Units Under FIFO Illustration 3A-1 shows the physical flow of units for the Assembly Department of Shutters Inc. Illustration 3A-1 FIFO Method

61. Page 3-61 SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method. FIFO Method Equivalent Units Under FIFO Illustration: Equivalent units for the Assembly Department is computed as follows: Illustration 3A-2

62. Page 3-62 SO8 FIFO Method Compute the Physical Unit Flow (Step 1) Illustration 3A-3 Unit and Cost Data – Mixing Department

63. Page 3-63 FIFO Method Compute the Physical Unit Flow (Step 1) Illustration 3A-4 Physical Unit Flow - Mixing Department SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

64. Page 3-64 FIFO Method Compute the Physical Unit Flow (Step 1) Illustration 3A-5 Physical Unit Flow (FIFO) - Mixing Department SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method. The Mixing Department must account for 900,000 units. 700,000 units were transferred to the Baking Department and 200,000 units were still in process.

65. Page 3-65 FIFO Method Compute Equivalent Units of Production (Step 2) Equivalent Units For Materials SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method. Kellogg adds materials at the beginning of the process. In addition, 100 percent of the materials costs has been incurred on the ending work in process. Illustration 3A-6

66. Page 3-66 FIFO Method Compute Equivalent Units of Production (Step 2) Equivalent Units For Conversion Costs The Mixing Department required 30,000 equivalent units (30% 100,000 units) of conversion costs to complete the beginning inventory. In addition, the 200,000 units of ending work in process were 60 percent complete in terms of conversion costs. Illustration 3A-7 SO8

67. Page 3-67 Under the FIFO method, the unit costs of production are based entirely on the production costs incurred during the month. FIFO Method Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3) Illustration 3A-8 SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

68. Page 3-68 Compute the unit materials cost, unit conversion costs, and total unit cost. FIFO Method Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3) Illustration 3A-9 SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method. Solution on notes page

69. Page 3-69 Kellogg is now ready to determine the cost of goods transferred out of the Mixing Department to the Baking Department and the costs in ending work in process. The total costs charged to the Mixing Department in June are as follows. FIFO Method Prepare a Cost Reconciliation Schedule (Step 4) Illustration 3A-10 SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

70. Page 3-70 Kellogg next prepares a cost reconciliation to assign these costs to (1) units transferred out to the Baking Department and (2) ending work in process. FIFO Method Prepare a Cost Reconciliation Schedule (Step 4) SO8 Illustration 3A-11

71. Page 3-71 Internal document for management that shows production quantity and cost data for a production department. Provides a basis for evaluating the productivity of a department. Managers can use the cost data to assess whether unit costs and total costs are reasonable. Top management can also judge whether current performance is meeting planned objectives. FIFO Method Prepare the Production Cost Report SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

72. Page 3-72 Prepare the Production Cost Report FIFO Method SO8 Illustration 3A-12

73. Page 3-73 SO8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method. FIFO Method FIFO and Weighted-Average Weighted-average is simple to understand and apply. In cases where prices do not fluctuate significantly, weighted-average will be very similar to FIFO. Conceptually, the FIFO method is superior because it measures current performance using only costs incurred in the current period. FIFO method provides current cost information, which the company can use to establish more accurate pricing strategies for goods manufactured and sold.

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