1. FEASIBILITY OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES(UAVS) FOR UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Ravisha Joshi Kemboi beatrice

2. INTRODUCTION & PROBLEM STATEMENT  UAV is an aircraft without a pilot onboard and its controlled from ground using a remote control system or operated autonomously.  DPKO has suggested the use of this technology in the following missions.  MONUSCO (DRC) for monitoring the movements of armed groups.  UNIFIL (Lebanon) for surveillance and protection.  UNMISS (South Sudan ) for effective surveillance over large area to protect the civilians.  EUFOR (Chad) for aerial photography to assess the situation on ground to detect vehicles and people gathering. Problem Statement  Ground based surveillance methods have limited field of view and risk the exposure of personnel to dangers.  Aerial surveillance provides good coverage and wider area of observation.  use of manned aircraft is expensive and is prohibited under UN rules to fly at night as it does not possess night time search and rescue capabilities.  UAV offer a better option as they are cheap to operate and can provide night surveillance. 2

3. METHOD  UAVs platforms: kites, balloons and model helicopters  3

4. PRODUCTS 4 Block of photos. DSM Orthophoto Point cloud

5. APPLICATIONS FOR UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS  Evidence in the form of images and videos which political analysts can use to derive political conclusions of what is happening on the ground.  For early warning of armed group’s movements and monitor camps for internally displaced persons  Generate maps in disaster hit inaccessible areas and upload to OpenStreetMaps which can be utilised by other organizations offering aid.  Map the extent and boundaries of the refugee camps and assess the patterns in the camps.  DTM generated can be used for planning of potential areas to put up camps.  Point cloud could be used for 3D modelling and Change detection.  Images and videos to create inventory of the area of interest to assess the situation.  In future, the UAVs could be merged with robotics or artificial intelligence capable of recognising the scene and change the flight path if they encounter any obstructions. 5

6. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS  Quick results in form of images /videos even of inaccessible areas for initial assessment and planning.  UAVs can be deployed at any time of the day or night and provides data with high temporal and spatial resolution.  autonomous flight will reduce human dependency to operate on high risk areas.  Inexpensive and can be controlled and transported with ease.  Limitations  Sensitive to adverse weather conditions and the data may not be as expected.  Performances and the accuracy of low cost UAVs are not very good.  Skilled operators are required for data and information analysis.  Could be regarded as overly intrusive by host nations if not adequately controlled and may hinder trust among neighbouring countries..  Who will be the custodian of the data and information?  The topography of the area should also be considered. 6

7. REGULATIONS,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  Existing regulations  The drones deployed should be unarmed surveillance assets designed to collect information with no strike function.  Skilled personnel are required for operation of UAV and data analysis. Conclusions  UAV for mapping in DPKO can be a milestone and will provide real time information for quick monitoring and early warning.  Assessment of the situation in the camps can benefit from this technology in that preventive measures can be taken against diseases such as cholera outbreak. Recommendations  Clear rules and regulation should be formulated to guide the use of drones and address the concerns raised by different countries.  Custodian of the data should be clearly discussed and agreed upon between the UN and the government of the host country.  Extent of its use in a mission and stage at which it is allowed should be clearly specified. 7

8. Thank you 8