1. Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 11 Immigration and Migration to Texas: 1836 - 1861 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Lone Star: The Story of Texas Section 1: A Growing State Section 2: New Texans From Other States Section 3: The Germans in Texas Section 4: Other Immigrants From Around the World Chapter 11: Immigration and Migration to Texas: 1836 - 1861 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. A Growing State Chapter 11, Section 1 What was the main reason people immigrated to Texas in the 1800s? Why did Texas continue using the empresario system? What were some hardships faced by most immigrants?

4. Chapter 11, Section 1 Statehood made Texas seem safer to immigrants Land was plentiful and cheap. Events in Europe, such as war and famine, led people to leave The Panic of 1837 led people to start fresh and leave their debts behind. Immigration to Texas The Causes of Immigration to Texas in the Mid 1800s

5. Chapter 11, Section 1 Texas Attracts New Settlers The Land Grant System Immigrants received land in Texas through the following land grant system: A person applied for land in a particular county. If the request was approved, a certificate was issued. The landowner hired a surveyor to mark off a plot of land. The surveyor received part of the land as payment. Land grants attracted many people who jumped at the chance to get cheap land in Texas. As people settled and improved their land, the value of the surrounding land increased as well.

6. Chapter 11, Section 1 The New Empresarios Texas not only gave land to individuals and families. It also gave land to empresarios. These land agents agreed to settle large numbers of people in a short period of time. In exchange, they received some of the best sections of land. Empresarios came to Texas to make money. Some Texans opposed the idea of millions of acres of land falling into private hands.

7. Chapter 11, Section 1 The Immigrant Experience Journey by Land The journey to Texas by land was difficult. The roads and trails of Texas were dusty, rutted, and bumpy. Many immigrants had to travel on foot. Journey by Sea The journey to Texas by sea was uncomfortable. Immigrants from overseas often had to spend months on crowded ships. Diseases spread quickly and killed many people.

8. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 11, Section 1 A Growing State - Assessment How did Texas benefit from having immigrants settle there? (A) Settlers could maintain the land instead of the government. (B) Texans enjoyed learning about other cultures. (C) The value of the land increased as settlers moved in. (D) Immigrants brought large amounts of cash, which Texas needed. To emigrate means to (A) leave one job and move to another. (B) settle a large number of people in a short period of time. (C) give settlers property through the land grant system. (D) leave one country or region and move to another.

9. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 11, Section 1 A Growing State - Assessment How did Texas benefit from having immigrants settle there? (A) Settlers could maintain the land instead of the government. (B) Texans enjoyed learning about other cultures. (C) The value of the land increased as settlers moved in. (D) Immigrants brought large amounts of cash, which Texas needed. To emigrate means to (A) leave one job and move to another. (B) settle a large number of people in a short period of time. (C) give settlers property through the land grant system. (D) leave one country or region and move to another.

10. New Texans From Other States What were the main differences between immigrants from the Upper South and the Lower South? Where in Texas did most enslaved African Americans live? Where was the Peters Colony? Chapter 11, Section 2

11. Individual Immigration From Other States Chapter 11, Section 2 Most people who came to Texas came from southern states. Upper South - Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and the Ohio River Valley Lower South - South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana Immigrants from the Upper South Many came from places where slavery was popular. Most were not slaveholders themselves. Most were farmers with little money. Immigrants from the Lower South Many believed in slavery. They built plantations along the Texas coast and produced cotton.

12. African American Immigrants By 1850, there were more than 60,000 African Americans living in Texas. Most were enslaved; about 400 were free. Most enslaved African Americans came from other states. Americans could no longer buy slaves from Africa. Most enslaved African Americans lived in the eastern part of Texas. The Texas slave code made manumission illegal. Manumission means “the freeing of slaves.” Chapter 11, Section 2

13. Organized Immigration From Other States The Peters Colony William S. Peters was an empresario who agreed to settle 200 families in his colony in three years. In return, he would receive huge land grants. The Peters Colony was located near present-day Dallas. Between 1841 and 1848, some 2,200 families settled there. Many Texans opposed Peters’ contract. They believed that empresarios were no longer needed. Public outcry led to the end of the empresario system in the mid-1840s. Fisher-Miller Land Grant Henry Francis Fisher and Burchard Miller won the right to settle families on land in Comanche territory. They were unable to find settlers, however. Chapter 11, Section 2

14. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 11, Section 2 New Texans From Other States - Assessment Who would have been most likely to celebrate if manumission had been allowed in Texas? (A) Farmers (B) Empresarios (C) Ranchers (D) Slaves What did slaveholders grow in plantations along the Texas coast? (A) Broccoli (B) Sweet peas (C) Cotton (D) Tobacco

15. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 11, Section 2 New Texans From Other States - Assessment Who would have been most likely to celebrate if manumission had been allowed in Texas? (A) Farmers (B) Empresarios (C) Ranchers (D) Slaves What did slaveholders grow in plantations along the Texas coast? (A) Broccoli (B) Sweet peas (C) Cotton (D) Tobacco

16. The Germans in Texas What led the first Germans to immigrate to Texas? Why did German leaders want to establish a colony in Texas? To what groups did some of the German immigrants belong? Chapter 11, Section 3

17. The First German Immigrants Chapter 11, Section 3 Johann Friedrich Ernst- among the first to lead Germans into Texas He received a Texas land grant of 4,000 acres in 1831. This land was located in the northwest corner of present-day Austin County. His letters home inspired other Germans to immigrate. He gave support and financial assistance to new German settlers. He earned the nickname “Father of the Immigrants.”

18. The German People Most Germans who came to Texas were farmers. Some were skilled craftspeople. Most were not poor. A group of German intellectuals tried, and failed, to set up utopias in Texas. German Belt - the area in Texas where most Germans settled Germans introduced the custom of the Easter Fires of Fredericksburg. Utopia - an ideal community where residents share the work and the property Chapter 11, Section 3

19. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 11, Section 3 The Germans Come to Texas - Assessment What group formed the Adelsverein? (A) German farmers (B) Empresarios (C) Nobles (D) Skilled craftsmen In a utopian community, residents _______________. (A) share the work and the property (B) are governed by a Commissioner General (C) are highly educated (D) work to improve relations with the Native Americans

20. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 11, Section 3 The Germans Come to Texas - Assessment What group formed the Adelsverein? (A) German farmers (B) Empresarios (C) Nobles (D) Skilled craftsmen In a utopian community, residents _______________. (A) share the work and the property (B) are governed by a Commissioner General (C) are highly educated (D) work to improve relations with the Native Americans

21. Other Immigrants From Around the World What hardships did Henri Castro’s colonists face in Texas? What are some of the reasons that people from other countries immigrated to Texas? Chapter 11, Section 4

22. Immigrants From France Europeans who settled in Texas had to assimilate. That means they had to change their customs and habits to those of the surrounding culture. Henri Castro settled 2,000 French colonists in Texas. He founded the towns of Castroville, Quihi, Vandenburg, and D’Hanis. La Réunion was a utopian community of French immigrants near present-day Dallas. Poor soil and lack of farming knowledge caused it to fail. By 1860, there were almost 2,000 French-born people in Texas. Chapter 11, Section 4

23. Other Immigrants The Poles The Swiss The Irish Hungarians and Czechs Mexicans Norwegians and Swedes Immigrated to Texas to escape war and revolution. Built Panna Maria, the first permanent Polish colony in the United States, in Karnes County. Built the town of Vernon in Wilbarger County and founded Schoenau in Austin County. An Irishman, William Kennedy, wrote The Rise, Progress, and Prospects of Texas, which persuaded many settlers to come to Texas. Settled the towns of Cranfills Gap, Clifton, and Norse. László Újházi helped found the Republican party in Bexar County. He also settled the towns of Hostyn and Praha. Nearly every part of Texas bears the stamp of their culture. Chapter 11, Section 4

24. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 11, Section 4 Other Immigrants From Around the World - Assessment What does assimilate mean? (A) To change political parties (B) To rotate crops so the soil does not wear out (C) To change one’s customs to those of the surrounding culture (D) To change one’s religious beliefs Why did Poles immigrate to Texas? (A) To escape war and revolution (B) To start a utopia (C) To escape famine (D) To escape religious persecution

25. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 11, Section 4 Other Immigrants From Around the World - Assessment What does assimilate mean? (A) To change political parties (B) To rotate crops so the soil does not wear out (C) To change one’s customs to those of the surrounding culture (D) To change one’s religious beliefs Why did Poles immigrate to Texas? (A) To escape war and revolution (B) To start a utopia (C) To escape famine (D) To escape religious persecution