1. Note Final Exam-please check final schedule Nova Scotia now spends 47 cents of every budget dollar on healthcare(10 years ago it was 40 cents) -is the publically funded healthcare system in its present form sustainable?

2. Note Nutrition 2106- Principles of Nutrition in Metabolism -Winter 2016 Nutrition 2104-Introduction to Nutrition Fall 2015 Nutrition 2107-Introduction to Sports Nutrition Winter 2016

3. Lecture 27- 13 March 2015 Vitamins Fat soluble

4. These are soluble in fat and generally pose a greater risk of toxicity than do the water soluble vitamins Functions, deficiencies and toxicities sometimes go together Vitamins ADEK List of functions, sources, toxicities and deficiencies are not complete

5. Vitamin A Functions-vision (cornea health and colour and black and white vision), immune function, reproduction (production of sperm and in females possibly supporting reproductive tract secretions), bone health Sources-beef liver, carrots, sweet potato and chicken liver Deficiencies-blindness and night blindness, reduced immune function, fecundicity and bone health

6. Vitamin A Toxicities-fatigue, vomiting, abdominal pain, liver toxicity and resulting death(polar bear liver issue), birth defects

7. Carotenoids Functions- precursor of vitamin A, antioxidants, immune response, cancer, atherosclerosis Sources- carrots, sweet potato, pumpkin Deficiencies-none reported to date unless  -carotene is the sole source of vitamin A Toxicities- yellowish skin but no adverse effects

8. Vitamin D Function- calcium absorption in the intestine, bone mineralisation, inhibit cell proliferation and enhance cell differentiation Sources-sunlight, fortified milk and cereals Deficiency- rickets in children and osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults Toxicity- hypercalcemia, depression, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite

9. Vitamin E Function- antioxidant(cell membranes, lungs, DNA, heart(atherosclerosis)), maintain  -carotene function Sources-nuts, vegetable and seed oils(soybean, sunflower, canola) Deficiencies-haemolysis, nerve function Toxicity- interferes with vitamin K function, enhances effect of aspirin on clotting

10. Vitamin K Function- blood clotting, bone mineralisation and maturation Sources- human intestinal bacteria, cabbage, spinach, broccoli and brussel sprouts, soybean oil, canola oil and olive oil Deficiency- rare except in persons with fat absorption problem, infants get vitamin K shot at birth to overcome low bacteria and infants do not get much dietary vitamin K Toxicity- rare since it is excreted much more rapidly than other fat soluble vitamins -interference with anticoagulant drugs

11. All vitamins Digestion-all vitamins- not broken down-just released from food Absorption- water soluble vitamins into blood directly fat soluble vitamins carried across on lipids Transport water soluble travel freely in blood water fat soluble vitamins are carried on lipoproteins

12. All vitamins Storage Water soluble-in any water soluble environments Fat Soluble-in body fat stores including liver Metabolism vitamins may be metabolised in the body from inactive forms(e.g.  -carotene) to active forms(vitamin A)

13. Vitamin supplements These are only necessary if the diet and/or pathology prevents presentation of the active form of vitamins where they are needed, when they are needed, in the quantities needed, and at the time they are needed for a particular function in the body Otherwise they are a phenomenal waste of money enriching only the pharmaceutical firms producing and selling them

14. Vitamin supplements Generally if one follows Canada’s four food groups and eats according to the principles of adequacy, balance, variety, nutrient density, calorie control and moderation, one will not need supplements