1. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Evolution, Benefits & Challenges Unit 1: Introduction

2. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Outline Evolution of US public transportation system Benefits and challenges Use of public transportation

3. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood EVOLUTION OF US PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Let’s start with a history lesson

4. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood History of Public Transportation DateMode or Event Pre-1800sFoot + Horse + Ferry Early 1800’sHorse-Drawn Omnibus (~20 people) Mid 1800’sHorse-Drawn Tramways (rails) Late 1800’sMechanical revolution Steam-power Cable cars

5. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood History of Public Transportation DateMode or Event 1882American Street Railway Association 1888First Electric US Streetcar (Richmond, VA) 1897First US subway (Boston, MA) 1920’sRise of the automobile 1945 - 1965Transition to bus as predominant mode 1974Only 7 US street railways in operation

6. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood History of Public Transportation Centuries of overcoming technological problems Issues still exist…

7. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood DISCUSSION TOPIC Consider the prominent US public transportation systems in place today – What are the critical issues for these systems? – What makes these systems useful/ successful? – What encourages people to use these systems?

8. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Critical Transportation Issues …many solved by Public Transportation! – Congestion – Energy / Environment – Equity – Safety – Health – Land Use / Availability – Aging Population – Community

9. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES Worth achieving these goals, but many issues need to address

10. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Congestion

11. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Why travel collectively? Simply: Space

12. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Energy / Environment In 2005, Public transportation reduced CO2 emissions by 6.9 million metric tones 340 million gallons of gasoline saved

13. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Equity

14. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Safety

15. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Accessibility

16. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Solving problems… So, transit solves most of these problems. Yet, we aren’t using transit. Why?

17. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Solving problems… 1.Auto traffic no regulated 2.Integration & regulation of transit lacking 3.Planning & organization limited

18. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Modal Split Change

19. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood 7 Demands of Useful Transit Service It takes me where I want to go. It takes me when I want to go. It is a good use of my time. It is a good use of my money. It respects me. I can trust it. It gives me freedom (to change my plans).

20. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Elements of Good Transit Service 7 Demands of Useful Service How Transit Services Them It takes me where I want to go. It takes me when I want to go. It is a good use of my time. It is a good use of my money. It respects me. I can trust it. It gives me freedom (to change my plans). Stops/ Stations Connectivity FrequencySpan Speed or Delay Fares CivilityReliability Simplicity /Presentation

21. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Let’s look at where transit is being used

22. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood 2010 APTA Agency Facts AgencyCityUn Pass TripsRankPass MilesRank MTA NYCNew York, NY3,274 mil111,611 mil1 CTAChicago, IL517 mil22,004 mil6 LAC MTALos Angeles, CA463 mil32,176 mil4 WMATAWashington, DC418 mil42,055 mil5 MBTABoston, MA356 mil51,704 mil8 SEPTAPhiladelphia, PA347 mil61,557 mil10 NJ TRANSITNew York, NY268 mil73,254 mil2 MUNISan Francisco, CA217 mil8455 mil18 MARTAAtlanta, GA146 mil9773 mil13 MTA BUSNew York, NY120 mil10361 mil25 King County Metro Seattle, WA114 mil11530 mil17 BARTSan Francisco, CA108 mil121,390 mil11

23. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood 2010 APTA Metro Facts Un Pass Trips RankPass MilesRankPopRank New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT4,080 mil121,286 mil1 17,800,00 0 1 Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA672 mil23,384 mil3 11,790,00 0 2 Chicago, IL-IN628 mil33,980 mil28,308,0003 Washington, DC-VA-MD476 mil42,529 mil43,934,0008 San Francisco-Oakland, CA425 mil52,496 mil53,229,00012 Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD368 mil61,761 mil75,149,0004 Boston, MA-NH-RI364 mil71,781 mil64,032,0007 Seattle, WA190 mil81,222 mil82,712,00014 Atlanta, GA158 mil9940 mil93,500,00011 Miami, FL153 mil10912 mil104,919,0005 Portland, OR-WA111 mil11491 mil151,583,00024 Baltimore, MD106 mil12780 mil112,076,00019

24. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood 2012 Atlanta Area Service Statistics Vehicles in max service Weekday unlinked trips Saturday unlinked trips MARTA Rail182~232,000~144,000 MARTA Bus443~198,000~123,000 CCT9913,7156,316 Gwinnett697,7361,028 GRTA1918,4320 BUC6509135

25. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Transit Ridership over time

26. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Transit Use Growing

27. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Fixed Guideway Systems

28. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood New Rail Systems (2004 – 2010) LocationSystemModeYear Houston, TXMTA Harris County Metro RailLight Rail2004 Trenton, NJNJ Transit River LineLight Rail2004 Minneapolis, MNMetro Transit Hiawatha LineLight Rail2004 Las Vegas, NVMonorail 2004 Little Rock, ARCAT River RailLight Rail2004 San Juan, PRTren UrbanoHeavy Rail2005 Albuquerque, NMRail Runner ExpressCommuter Rail2006 Nashville, TNRTA Music City StarCommuter Rail2006 Portland, ORAerial TramAerial Tramway2006 Charlotte, NCCAT LYNX Blue LineLight Rail2007 Seattle, WASDOT South Lake Union StreetcarLight Rail2007 San Diego, CANCTD SprinterLight Rail2008 Salt Lake, City UTUTA FrontRunnerCommuter Rail2008 Phoenix, AZValley Metro RailLight Rail2008 Portland, ORTri-Met Westside Express ServiceCommuter Rail2009 Seattle, WASound Transit Central Link Light RailLight Rail2009 Minneapolis, MNMetro Transit Northstar Commuter RailCommuter Rail2009 Austin, TXCapital Metro Rail Red LineCommuter Rail2010

29. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Do voters support transit? Year Measures on Ballots Measures Approved Percentage Approved 2003171271% 2004504080% 2005252184% 2006453476% 2007181267% 2008473574% 200911873% 2010564377%

30. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Conclusion Centuries of overcoming technological problems, but issues still exist Transit can help with – Congestion – Energy / environment – Equity – Safety – More

31. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Conclusion Yet transit usage is low – Auto traffic not regulated – Transit suffers from improper planning, design and operations Thus the need for this course

32. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Reference Materials in this lecture were taken from: Vukan Vuchic, “Urban Transit Operations, Planning and Economics” (2005). Walker, J. (2011). Human transit: How clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives. Island Press. Schrank, David, Bill Eisele, and Tim Lomax. "TTI’s 2012 urban mobility report." Proceedings of the 2012 annual urban mobility report. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas, USA (2012). SAIC, 2007, Public Transportation’s Contribution to US Greenhouse Gas Reduction Chen, Ewing, Winkelman, 2008, Growing Cooler. Dickens, Matthew, John Neff, and Darnell Grisby. "APTA 2012 Public Transportation Fact Book." (2012).