1. Color Accessibility Greg Kraus University IT Accessibility Coordinator North Carolina State University gdkraus@ncsu.edu @gdkraus

2. Concepts

3. Two Questions We Ask With Color Accessibility 1.Given moderate visual acuity loss, can a person read this content without the aid of assistive technologies? 2.If a person needs an assistive technology, does our content prevent them from modifying the content to meet their needs?

4. Planning for Color and Visual Deficiencies There are a wide range of color deficiencies and visual impairments How do we plan for them all?

5. Visual Impairment Simulator NoCoffee Chrome Extension

6. Standards: Taking the Guessing Out of Conformance WCAG 2 – Color is not the sole means of conveying information – Provide sufficient contrast based on the size of the text and the conformance level desired

7. WCAG 2 (1.4.1): Use of Color Level A Examples of violations – “Required fields are in red” – “Complete the blue section first”

8. WCAG 2 (1.4.3 and 1.4.6): Contrast Level AA and Level AAA Conformance Ratios – 3:1 minimum acceptable contrast for standard text and vision – 4.5:1 accounts for moderately low visual acuity (vision loss equivalent to approximately 20/40) typical visual acuity of people at roughly age 80 – 7:1 accounts for users who typically do not depend on assistive technologies for visual impairments (vision loss equivalent to approximately 20/80)

9. What Is Covered in WCAG Contrast Requirements? Text Does NOT apply to – Logos – Inactive form elements – Purely decorative text – Incidental text in photos – Other UI elements

10. WCAG 2 Conformance Levels and Ratios Level AA – 18 pt. or 14 pt. bold 3:1 – Smaller, 4.5:1 Level AAA – 18 pt. or 14 pt. bold 4.5:1 – Smaller, 7:1 18pt (1.5em, 150%) 14pt (1.2em, 120%)

11. Beyond WCAG 2 (Acknowledge Wayne Dick from CSU Long Beach for information) There is no average person with low vision 35+ critical structures in the human visual system – Multiple ways these structures can break Bright light is painful to many people with low vision

12. What Else To Consider Practice strict separation of presentation from content Anticipate users changing your color scheme Potentially provide text enlargement with reflow to 300% (WCAG 2 AA only requires 200%)

13. Tools

14. Eyedropper Tools Colour Contrast Analyser Desktop application for Windows and OS X Strengths – Can choose any colors on the screen Weaknesses – Anti-aliasing of text – Text over a non-uniform background – Must manually check elements

15. Colour Contrast Analyser

16. Automated Tools WAVE Juicy Studio Accessibility Toolbar Strengths – Automatically checks all color combinations – Can account for text size Weaknesses – Text over images – Text in images – Text over CSS3 gradients

17. Text Over Images

18. Anti-Aliased Text

19. Image Analysis Color Contrast Analyzer for Chrome Chrome extension Strengths – Checks the page as it is rendered Weaknesses – Cannot differentiate between text and other user interface elements

20. Color Contrast Analyzer: Original Image

21. Color Contrast Analyzer: Mask

22. Color Contrast Analyzer: Text Over Images

23. Color Contrast Analyzer: Text in Images

24. Testing Color Palettes NC State Accessible Color Palette Evaluator Web-based application Build a color palette Compare all of the color combinations to see which have enough contrast Sample Accessible Palette Evaluator

25. Color Palette Extractor Detects all of the colors defined in a page Populates the Color Palette Evaluator

26. Color Palette Tweaker Tanaguru Web-based application Pick two colors and adjust one of them to make the contrast great enough to meet WCAG

27. Substituting Style Sheets Web Evaluation Tools

28. Questions