1. © Mary Low Accounting Equation (Service business) Waikato Legal Services Mary Low Waikato Management School The University of Waikato

2. © Mary Low The framework The accounting equation can be said to the framework for the entire accounting process. The accounting equation is an essential building block of accounting. The accounting equation is the basis of all accounting systems. The accounting equation can be used to illustrate simply the double entry system of accounting. The two sides of the equation must be equal. The accounting equation is also called the balance sheet equation.

3. © Mary Low The basic elements The two basic elements of any organisation are what it owns and what it owes. What it owns are the organisation’s economic resources. These economic resources are used to help the organisation generate revenues. In accounting, these economic resources are called ASSETS. Examples of assets for an organisation are: Cash Inventory Accounts Receivable Land & Buildings Motor Vehicle Furniture & Equipment

4. © Mary Low The basic elements – what it owes What it owes are the organisation’s sources of financing for the economic resources. The main source of financing usually comes from EQUITY. Equity indicates the amount of financing provided by owners of the organisation. The next source of financing comes from debt. Debt is the result of the organisation purchasing goods, services or assets on credit. Debt also results from loan borrowings. Debt is given the term LIABILITIES. Examples of equity for an organisation are: Owner’s Equity / Proprietorship for a sole trader business Partnership Funds for a partnership business Shareholders Equity for a company business Examples of liabilities for an organisation are: Accounts Payable Loan Payable

5. © Mary Low The accounting equation what it owns = what it owes Assets = Liabilities + Equity A Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position) shows that the assets of an organisation should equal to its liabilities plus equity. This is why the accounting equation is also called a balance sheet equation.

6. © Mary Low Different versions of the accounting equation The accounting equation can be expressed in a number of different ways: Asset emphasis: Assets = Liabilities + Equity Liability emphasis: Liabilities = Assets – Equity Equity emphasis: Equity = Assets - Liabilities

7. © Mary Low Running a business - its main objective Businesses usually operate with the objective of making a profit. Profit is determined by looking at two other elements. These financial elements relate to revenue (income) and expenses Profit is determined by subtracting expenses from revenues (income) –i.e. Profit = Revenue - Expenses

8. © Mary Low Profit Any profits made by a business will go to the owner. Therefore, revenue (income) and expenses effects are usually shown under the Equity section of the accounting equation. An increase in revenues represents an increase in profit and therefore an increase in Equity. An increase in expenses represents a decrease in profits and therefore a decrease in Equity.

9. © Mary Low Transaction 1 Transaction 1: Investment by owner. Ace Lawyer opens the Waikato Legal Services firm in Hamilton by investing $20,000 cash into the business. The transaction results in an increase in the Cash Asset and an increase in Equity. We note that the equation remains in balance, –i.e. A = L + OE Assets=Liabilities+Owner’s Equity CashCapital +$20,000

10. © Mary Low Transaction 2 Transaction 2: Purchase of equipment on credit. Ace purchases equipment on credit from Computer Equipment Ltd for $9,000 (credit terms: 180 days). The transaction results in an increase in the Computer Equipment Asset and an increase in Liability. We note that the equation remains in balance, –i.e. A = L + OE Assets=Liabilities+Owner’s Equity Cash + EquipmentAccounts Payable Capital Old bal.$20,000 Trans 2: + $9,000 New bal.$20,000 + $9,000= $9,000+$20,000 Total:$29,000=

11. © Mary Low Transaction 3 Transaction 3: Purchase of $1,500 of stationery supplies for use in the business. $1,500 cash was used to pay for this purchase. The transaction results in an increase in Supplies on Hand Asset and a decrease in the Cash Asset. Assets=Liabilities+ Owner’s Equity Cash + Supplies + Equipment on Hand Accounts Payable Capital Old bal. $20,000 + $9,000=$9,000+$20,000 Trans 3: - $1,500 + $1,500 New bal. $18,500 + $1,500 + $9,000= $9,000+$20,000 Total: $29,000=

12. © Mary Low Important Note: There are two ways that we can choose to record stationery supplies. 1.We can record the supplies initially as an asset until they become used up. When supplies on hand become used up, they should then be recorded as an increase to Stationery Supplies Expense. When this happens, we will need to decrease Stationery Supplies Asset and decrease Equity. Because we do not have a separate expense heading in the accounting equation: A = L + OE, expenses will need to be deducted from Capital. This first approach has been chosen in this illustration to explain the effects on the accounting equation where stationery supplies are initially purchased for use in the business. 2.Stationery supplies can initially be recorded as an expense. For this illustration, the effect of this second approach will be to initially decrease Equity (Expenses decrease Equity) and to decrease cash Asset. At the end of the accounting period, the amount of stationery supplies that is on hand (not used up) will need to be recorded as an asset. To record the unused supplies, Stationery Supplies Expense will need to be decreased (note: to show an expense decrease in the accounting equation: A = L + OE, Equity will need to be increased) and Supplies on Hand Asset will need to be increased.

13. © Mary Low Transaction 4 Transaction 4: $1,000 in legal services were provided for cash. We can straight away see that the transaction results in an increase in the Cash Asset by $1,000 and an increase in the Legal Services Revenue account by $1,000. We note that the equation does not have Revenue heading, –i.e. the equation is given as: A = L + OE As we explained earlier, the effect of a revenue increasing will need to be shown as an increase in Equity. Assets=Liabilities+ Owner’s Equity Cash + Supplies + Equipment on Hand Accounts Payable Capital Old bal. $18,500 + $1,500 + $9,000=$9,000+$20,000 Trans 4: +$1,000 New bal. $19,500 + $1,500 + $9,000= $9,000+$21,000 Total: $30,000=

14. © Mary Low Transaction 5 Transaction 5: Legal services of $2,500 were provided on credit to a client, Keith Queen. The transaction results in an increase in an Account Receivable Asset by $2,500. Keith Queen owes $2,500 to Waikato Legal Services. He is an Account Receivable and therefore recorded as an asset to the business. Although no cash has been received from providing legal services, $2,500 of Legal Services Revenue have been earned (Accrual concept) and will increase Equity. Assets= Liabilities + Owner’s Equity Cash + Accounts Receivable + Supplies +Equipment on Hand Accounts Payable Capital Old bal. $19,500 + $1,500 + $9,000=$9,000+$21,000 Trans 5: + $2,500 New bal. $19,500 + $2,500 + $1,500 + $9,000= $9,000+$23,500 Total: $32,500=

15. © Mary Low Transaction 6 Transaction 6: Paid Accounts Payable. Ace makes a $3,000 partial debt repayment to Computer Equipment Ltd. The transaction results in a decrease to Cash Asset and a decrease to Accounts Payable Liability. Assets= Liabilities + Owner’s Equity Cash + Accounts Receivable + Supplies +Equipment on Hand Accounts Payable Capital Old bal. $19,500 + $2,500 + $1,500 + $9,000=$9,000+$23,500 Trans 6: -$3,000 New bal. $16,500 + $2,500 + $1,500 + $9,000= $6,000+$23,500 Total: $29,500=

16. © Mary Low Transaction 7 Transaction 7: Received from Accounts Receivable. Keith Queen pays $500 on account owing to Waikato Legal Services The transaction results in an increase to Cash Asset and a decrease to the Accounts Receivable Asset. Assets= Liabilities + Owner’s Equity Cash + Accounts Receivable + Supplies +Equipment on Hand Accounts Payable Capital Old bal. $16,500 + $2,500 + $1,500 + $9,000=$6,000+$23,500 Trans 7: + $500 - $500 New bal. $17,000 + $2,000 + $1,500 + $9,000= $6,000+$23,500 Total: $29,500=

17. © Mary Low Transaction 8 Transaction 8: Drawings by Ace Lawyer. Ace decides to take $2,000 cash from the business for his personal use. The transaction results in a decrease to Cash Asset and a decrease to Capital Equity. Any withdrawals of assets by the owner from his business for his personal use will cause a decrease in his investment in the business. Assets= Liabilities + Owner’s Equity Cash + Accounts Receivable + Supplies +Equipment on Hand Accounts Payable Capital Old bal. $17,000 + $2,000 + $1,500 + $9,000=$6,000+$23,500 Trans 8: - $2,000 New bal. $15,000 + $2,000 + $1,500 + $9,000= $6,000+$21,500 Total: $27,500=

18. © Mary Low Transaction 9 Transaction 9: Payment of Expense. Ace pays $400 salaries to legal assistant. The transaction results in a decrease to Cash Asset and a decrease to Equity because of salaries expense. Assets= Liabilities + Owner’s Equity Cash + Accounts Receivable + Supplies + Equipment on Hand Accounts Payable Capital Old bal. $15,000 + $2,000 + $1,500 + $9,000=$6,000+$21,500 Trans 9: - $400 New bal. $14,600 + $2,000 + $1,500 + $9,000= $6,000+$21,100 Total: $27,100=

19. © Mary Low Transaction 10 Transaction 10: It was determined that $500 of stationery supplies on hand has been used up. The transaction results in a decrease to the Supplies on Hand Asset and a decrease to Equity as a result of supplies becoming used up. We note that the equation has remained in balance, –i.e. A = L + OE Assets= Liabilitie s + Owner’s Equity Cash + Accounts Receivable + Supplies +Equipment on Hand Accounts Payable Capital Old bal. $14,600 + $2,000 + $1,500 + $9,000=$6,000+$21,100 Trans 10: - $500 New bal. $14,600 + $2,000 + $1,000 + $9,000= $6,000+$20,600 Total: $26,600=

20. © Mary Low Expanded accounting equation The accounting equation can be expanded to include Revenue and Expenses. We begin with: Assets = Liabilities + Equity We bring in the profit element: Assets = Liabilities + Equity + Profit Note: Profit = Revenue (Income) – Expenses Expanded we have: Assets = Liabilities + Equity + Revenue (Income) – Expenses Which can also be written as: Assets + Expenses = Liabilities + Equity + Revenue (Income)

21. © Mary Low Accounting Equation Analysis Well, you have done it! The Waikato Legal Services illustration using the accounting equation has shown you how to do the following in the accounting process: –Analyse transactions by identifying the accounts its effects on the main financial elements (Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Revenue (Income) and Expenses) of financial statements –Showing the effects in the accounting equation and maintaining the equation in balance all the time. This is the initial basis of understanding the double entry system without actually learning the debit and credit rules of the double entry system. This comes next if you truly want to understand the accounting system of any organisation.