1. Birth Defects Taryn Ballmann

2. Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate O The tissue that forms the lips or roof of the mouth do not join completely before birth O Can be a small slit or a large opening that goes through the lip into the nose O Cleft lip can occur in either side of the mouth or in the middle. Cleft palate can occur in the front, back or both O 2,650 babies born with cleft palate, 4,440 babies born with cleft lip

3. Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate Causes Treatment O Mostly unknown O Genetic O Environmental factors O What a mother eats or drinks O Medications (Epilepsy) O Diabetics O Surgery O May need special dental or orthodontic care O May need speech therapy

5. Heart Defects O Most common birth defect O Effects structure of heart and how it works O Can range from small hole to missing or poorly formed parts O Some can be diagnosed during pregnancy, others not until birth or later in life

6. Heart Defects Causes Treatment O Mostly unknown O Genetic or chromosome changes O Diabetes or obesity O Smoking O Medications O Mother’s health O Depends on type and severity O May need one or more surgeries O Cardiac catheterization O Sometimes heart defect cannot be fully repaired

7. Types of heart defects O Atrial Septal Defect O Coarctation of the Aorta* O Ebstein anomaly* O Single ventricle* O Tetralogy of Fallot* O Truncus Arteriosus* O Ventricular Septal Defect

8. Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 O Baby has an extra copy of chromosomes, called chromosome 21. O Changes how baby’s body and brain develop, cause mental and physical challenges O Most common chromosomal condition. 6,000; 1 out of 700 babies effected O Usually have IQ in mildly to moderately low range O Slower to speak

9. Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 Causes Treatment O Caused by extra chromosome, but not sure how chromosome is created O Mothers age O Lifelong condition O Speech, occupational, and physical therapy O Early intervention programs in school O Most lead productive and fulfilling lives

11. Gastroschisis O Baby’s intestines stick outside of baby’s body, through a hole by belly button. O Muscles of baby’s abdominal wall do not form correctly. O Intestines can become irritated by amniotic fluid because it is not protected, causing it to shorten, twist, or swell. O Even after repair, infants may have problems with feeding, digestion and absorption O 1,871 babies

12. Gastroschisis Causes Treatment O Mothers age, white teen mothers have high rates than African-American teens O Alcohol or tobacco use O Surgery immediately after birth. All at once or slowly in stages depending on severity. O Receive nutrients through IV, and antibiotics

14. Spina Bifida O Neural tube defect (NTD) O Can happen anywhere along spine if the neural tube does not close completely O Backbone does not form all the way which causes damage to spinal cord and nerves O May cause physical and mental disabilities ranging from mild to severe depending on size and location of opening and whether the spinal cord or nerves are affected.

15. Types of Spina Bifida O Myelomeningocele- sac of fluid comes through opening in baby’s back. Part of spinal cord and nerves are damaged. May cause loss in feeling in feet or legs, not being able to move legs and affects how one uses the bathroom. O Meningocele-sac of fluid comes through opening in baby’s back, but spinal cord is not in sac. Little to no nerve damage. O Spina Bifida Occulta- small gap in spine, but no opening on the baby’s back. Spinal cord and nerves are normal. Does not cause any disabilities

16. Spina Bifida Causes Treatments O Genetic O Environment O Having high body temperature O Diabetes or obesity O Treatments vary from person to person, and severity

18. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) O Physical, behavioral, and learning problems that occur because a mother drank while pregnant O Mother drinks alcohol, which passes through her blood stream into the baby’s blood stream. O Abnormal facial features (ridge between nose and upper lip), small head size, low body weight, poor coordination, hyperactive behavior, poor memory, learning disabilities, speech and language delays, poor reasoning or judgment skills, and problems with heart, kidneys, or bones

19. FASDs Causes Treatment O Alcohol O All alcohol affects baby from before a mother knows she is pregnant to birth O Lifelong disease O Medications to help with symptoms, behavior and education therapy, and parent training

21. Prevention of Birth Defects O Take appropriate amount of folic acid, 400 mcg O Avoid alcohol O Avoid smoking O Do not use drugs O Wash hands often O Eat well done meats O Staying away from people who are sick

22. Prevention cont. O Limit medication use, or talk to doctor about medication use and vaccinations O Maintain healthy weight O Keep diabetes under control O See health care professional regularly

23. References O Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Birth defects. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/in dex.html http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/in dex.html O [Diagrams of cleft lip & palate]. (n/d). Cleft Lip & Palate Association. (Picture). O [Down Syndrome Karotype]. (2013). Autosomal Abnormalities. (Picture).

24. References O [Figure 1]. (2013). Westwood Medical Communications. (Picture). O [Spina Bifida]. (2011). Doctor Tipster. (Picture). O [FAS kid]. (2004). Virtual Pediatric Hospital. (Picture).