2. Blood Types

3. Transfusion Cause = Reduction of the amount of blood from the body –Hemorrhage Effect = Adding blood from another person –Transfusion

4. Problems with Transfusion Patient blood may contain antibodies or agglutinins May cause donors blood to rupture and release hemoglobin –Hemolyzed Antigen or agglutinogens on the surface of RBCs may not be compatible

5. Blood Cell Proteins A and B antigen Rh factor

6. ABO Blood Type Group Four Blood Types –A–A –B–B –AB –O–O Indicate the type of antigen present on the RBCs

7. Antibodies Substances that clump onto specific foreign materials No one has antibodies to their own blood type Antibodies develop to the antigens that are not present

8. Compatibility Blood type is determined by heredity O can be given to any type (Universal Donor) People with AB blood receive any type of blood A can receive from A or O B can receive from B or O O can receive from only O

9. Rh Factor Blood contains an Rh antigen Rh positive – antigen is present Rh negative no Rh is present

10. Why is it Important Plasma never naturally contains anti-Rh antibodies Antibodies will be made if Rh+ blood is given to an Rh- recipient

11. Why is it Important Babies born Rh+ from Rh- mothers and Rh+ fathers Babies blood might stimulate anti-Rh antibodies to be produced in the mother If another Rh+ baby is produced, the fetus may develop Erythroblastosis fetalis

12. No Agglutination Agglutination

13. No Agglutination Agglutination

14. Chart Of A-B-O Blood Donor & Recipient Compatibility RECIPIENT DONORDONOR Alleles & Antibodies O anti-A anti-B A anti-B B anti-A AB None ONone AClumpNoneClumpNone BClump None ABClump None

16. A red blood cell (RBC) containing three different antigens on the surface of its membrane. Each antigen has the complimentary antibody attached to it. The antigens and antibodies are large glycoproteins with unique molecular shapes.

17. Red blood cells (RBCs): Type A Positive (left) and type A Negative (right). Both types have the A antigen, but only the A Positive (left) has the Rh antigen.

18. Red blood cells (RBCs): Type B Positive (left) and type B Negative (right). Both types have the B antigen, but only the B Positive (left) has the Rh antigen.

19. Red blood cells (RBCs): Type AB Positive (left) and type AB Negative (right). Both types have A and B antigens, but only the AB Positive (left) has the Rh antigen.

20. Red blood cells (RBCs): Type O Positive (left) and type O Negative (right). Both types are without A and B antigens, but the O Positive (left) has the Rh antigen. Type O Negative (right) has none of the antigens (A, B or Rh) on its membrane.

21. Agglutination (clumping) of type A RBCs by anti-A antibodies. The antibodies have two combining sites and are able to attach to the A antigens on adjacent RBCs, thus causing the RBCs to bond together. Blood clotting is an entirely different biochemical mechanism involving blood platelets (thrombocytes) and the clotting protein prothrombin which is converted into thrombin. The thrombin acts like an enzyme, catalyzing the conversion of fibrinogen protein into fibrin. The actual blood clot is composed of fibrin threads that wind around RBCs and platelets

22. Now, see how you do in determining compatible blood types http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/