1. World Trade Center, NYC

2. Pentagon

3. Defining Terrorism 1. Political Agenda 2. Violence as the method 3. Civilians as Targets 4. Publicity 5. Non-State Actors?

4. 1. Political Agenda HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance Movement) HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance Movement)Covenant Sinn Fein home page (political wing of Provisional Irish Republican Army) Sinn Fein home page (political wing of Provisional Irish Republican Army) Sinn Fein Sinn Fein Hizbollah home page (English) Hizbollah home page (English)(English) AQAM 1996 fatwa AQAM 1996 fatwa AQAM 1996 fatwa AQAM 1996 fatwa AQAM 1998 fatwa AQAM 1998 fatwa AQAM 1998 fatwa AQAM 1998 fatwa

5. 2. Violence: The Terrorist “Logic” Assumption: You cannot beat the enemy in a direct fight, so… Terrorist Violence Publicizes a political agenda Causes pain and fear in targeted audience Public demands change in gov’t policy Coercion of gov’t; pressure to change policy Change in gov’t policy

6. The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004 Spain supports US in Iraq Spain supports US in Iraq People’s Party in favor of Spanish intervention People’s Party in favor of Spanish intervention Socialist Worker’s Party wants to withdraw; Socialist Worker’s Party wants to withdraw; AQ warns Spain to leave or face reprisal; AQ warns Spain to leave or face reprisal; Parliamentary elections on 3/14; Parliamentary elections on 3/14; PP favored PP favored

7. The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004 March 11 attack on train station; 200 killed; 1400 wounded Debate on Spanish Iraq policy takes center stage Electoral Surprise; PP loses; Worker’s Party wins PP blames ETA; fears linkage of bombs to Iraq policy New gov’t led by Worker’s Party Changes policy Voters fear more reprisals

8. Terrorist Strategic Studies IRA Green Book (1956/1977) IRA Green Book (1956/1977)Green BookGreen Book Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla, Carlos Marighella, 1969 Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla, Carlos Marighella, 1969 Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla The Urban Guerilla Concept April 1971 (Red Army Faction) The Urban Guerilla Concept April 1971 (Red Army Faction) The Urban Guerilla Concept The Urban Guerilla Concept Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery (AQAM) Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery (AQAM)The Management of SavageryThe Management of Savagery Manchester Manual 1990s (AQAM) Manchester Manual 1990s (AQAM) Manchester Manual Manchester Manual

9. 3. Target Civilians Marriott Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia, August 2003

10. Madrid Bombing, March 11, 2004

11. 4. Publicity

12. Munich 1972

13. What is Terrorism CRIMEOrWar?

14. Typology? 1. Ideological 2. Ethnonationalist 3. Narco-Terrorism 4. Religious nationalism/extremism

15. Current Trends 1. Religious Motivation 1. PLO Charter vs. Hamas Charter PLO Charter Hamas Charter PLO Charter Hamas Charter 2. WMD 3. Globalization 4. Independence of Terrorist Groups

16. Two Basic Issues 1. Does it Work? 2. Means and Ends?

17. The tale of two independence movements GandhiArafat