1. 1600-1750 A.D.

2. Renaissance Characteristics: Music was written for Mass: The Mass Cycle, called the Ordinary: Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus Agnus Dei No official system for writing music. Fifths and fourths considered to be the holiest intervals. Known in music as Perfect 4ths and Perfect 5ths Polyphony: Equal voices Every voice has an individual melody

3. OrnateDramaticExpressiveEmotional The term “baroque” was coined in the 18 th Century by critics who preferred a newer, simpler style. The word Baroque means abnormal, exaggerated, or “in bad taste.” In the 19 th Century, the term Baroque took on a positive meaning, as critics began to appreciate the stylistic tendencies of the period.

4. 1618-1648 Thirty Year’s War 1643-1715 Reign of Louis XIV in France 1600-1750 Colonization of the Americas 1602 Dutch East India Company Chartered 1632 Galileo charged with heresy for scientific claims 1642-1649 The English Civil War

5. 1657: Gian Lorenzo Bernini begins construction of St. Peter’s Square at the Vatican in Rome. Post-Reformation: The Vatican symbolizes the authority of the Catholic Church.

6. 1645-1652

7. John Milton’s Paradise Lost Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote 1616: Death of Shakespeare

8. The Court Ballet Created in France A musical-dramatic work, staged with costumes and scenery that featured members of the court alongside professional dancers. The instruments used for Court Ballet became the model for the modern orchestra. Jean-Baptiste Lully was a primary composer of French ballet Lully created the model for French Opera

9. Secular genres expanded Opera is invented in Italy Cantata [means “to be sung”] is invented in Italy Instrumental styles expand An official system for writing music was established. “The look” of music comes from the notation rules invented during the Baroque era. Time signatures, measures, barlines Chromaticism and dissonances are introduced. Melody and accompaniment. Ornamentations and Embellishments: Invented to let the singer “show off” Trills Turns Appoggiaturas Cadenzas The pianoforte (AKA: piano) is invented in 1700

10. Opera is a drama with continuous music that is staged with scenery, costumes, and action. Characteristics of Opera: Aria: expresses emotion Solo with accompaniment The character’s reflection on the events Designed to let the singer “show off” The form of pop music (ABA) developed from Arias Recitative: tells the story Narration Declamation of poetry without concern for pitch accuracy

11. Secular Genres: Prelude Fugue One subject (or theme) is continuously developed Example: Bach’s Toccata and Fugue in D Minor Sonata Development of Sonata form Concerto Sacred Genres: The Mass Cycle continues Oratorio Contained musical elements of Opera without staging or costumes Religious subject matter Performed in Latin or Italian Sacred Concertos

12. Italian Alessandro Scarlatti Claudio Monteverdi Antonio Vivaldi French Jean Baptiste Lully Jean-Philippe Rameau German J.S. Bach George Frideric Handel English Henry Purcell

13. The Man. The Legend. The Genius. 1685-1750

14. Born 1685 in Central Germany 1700-1702: Studied at Lüneburg 1703: Hired as a church organist in Arnstadt 1708: Hired as a court musician for the duke of Weimar First hired as an organist Later, promoted to concertmaster 1717: appointed Kapellmeister (music director) at the court of Prince Leopold of Anhalt in Cöthen 1723: Moved to Liepzig to one of the most prestigious music positions in Germany

15. Brandenburg Concertos Mass in B Minor Toccata in D Minor The Art of Fugue Demonstrates all types of fugal writing

16. Bach absorbed into his work all the genres, styles, and forms of his time and developed them beyond what his peers thought possible. Characteristics in his music: Memorable themes A theme should be exciting and welcomed.” –Bach Strong rhythmic drive Clarify of form “A brilliant piece isn’t necessarily made of brilliant content. The difference between brilliance and forgotten is the form.” –Dr. Joseph Baber Careful attention to detail Bach’s music embodies perfection of form

17. The Business Man 1685-1759

18. Born 1685 in Germany His father wanted him to study law but he practiced music secretly. 1702: Appointed cathedral organist at University of Halle. Wrote his first opera at age 20. Associated with leading musicians and patrons during his time in Florence, Naples, and Venice. 1712: Moved to London

19. The English Oratorio: Sacred subject matter Elements of Opera: Aria Recitative Form Invention of the “Chorus” Chorus used to narrate the story, comment on the events, or participate in the action Emphasis on communal expression (not individual expression)

20. Dramatic Appeal to the public “He knew how to sell tickets” This quality made him very popular throughout Europe Emphasis on: Melody Harmony Contrasting textures

21. “Hallelujah Chorus”