1. EXCRETORY
SYSTEM

2. What is Excretion?
The process of ridding the body of waste in order to maintain homeostasis.

3. Excretory System
How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis?
It regulates heat, water, salt, acid-base concentrations and metabolite concentrations

4. ORGANS OF EXCRETION Skin and associated glands:
sweat is removed by skin as a waste product trying to Remove heat and salts
Lungs: Removes carbon dioxide
Liver:
get rid of unneeded wastes in the body. It changes toxic ammonia, which is a poisonous gas , to urea, a harmless fluid.
Kidneys; removes nitrogenous waste (urea)

5. What is the Function of the Human Excretory System?
Maintain proper water balance in the body and to also remove liquid waste (urine)
Kidneys filter approximately200L of blood or filtrate everyday
Remove approximately 1-2 L of fluid everyday

6. Parts of the human excretory System
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
urethra

7. Urinary System

8. Kidneys
Kidneys:
filter blood to produce urine.. Maintain water balance and rid body of nitrogenous waste (urine) created by the liver
The kidney is a lima bean shaped structure found on both sides of the spinal column in the lower back

9. The Kidney

10. KIDNEY PARTS Kidney has three distinct regions Cortex: the outer part
Function: filter blood
Medulla:
the middle part made up of collecting ducts
Function: collect filtrate (filtered materials from the blood) and carries it to the renal pelvis
Pelvis:
the inner cavity where urine collects. It is connected to the ureters
Function: Filtrate (now called urine) drains from the pelvis into the ureters for removal

11. MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEYS
1. Filters blood of:
Ø Urea – formed in the liver from the breakdown of ammonia
Ø Creatinine – formed in the muscles
Ø Uric Acid – formed as a result of the breakdown of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

12. 2. Controls the balance of water in our bodies
3. Regulates pH of the blood
4. Regulates the concentration of dissolved ions in the blood

13. 5. Secretes a hormone that causes a production of red blood cells
6. Activates Vitamin D production in the skin

14. Parts of Excretory system cont’d
Urinary Bladder:
hollow muscular pouch located in the pelvis
Function: hold urine until it is released from the body. A typical bladder is able to hold up to about 500ml of urine.
Urethra:
hollow tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the human body
function: carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Ureters:
hollow tubes connecting the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
Function: carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

15. IMPORTANT BLOOD VESSELS
Renal Artery: carries contaminated blood into the kidney.
Renal Vein: carries purified blood from the kidney and returns it back into circulation by way of the inferior vena cava.

16. NEPHRONS
Tiny filtering units called nephrons fill the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
Basic functional unit of kidney responsible for filtering the blood and maintaining proper water balance
Extends from renal cortex (glomerulus/ Bowman's capsule) into the renal medulla (loop of Henle)
Each kidney contains 1 to 1.25 million nephrons.

18. Parts of the Nephron Renal artery: Renal vein: Glomerulus;
this is the artery that carries blood TO the kidney to be filtered
Renal vein:
this is the vein that carries blood FROM the kidney AFTER it has been filtered
Glomerulus;
A tight ball of blood capillaries located in the Bowman's capsule of Nephron.
Blood pressure created here causes material to be filtered from the blood
Bowman's capsule:
A cup shaped structure that receives filtrate from the Glomerulus
Proximal tubule:
tube connected to the Bowman's capsule.
Filtrate enters the proximal tube from the Bowman's capsule.
Reabsorption of Amino Acids and Glucose occurs here

19. Loop of henle: Distal tubule; Collecting tubule:
long u shaped tube that extends into the renal medulla. Responsible for maintain salt balance by reabsorption or releasing salt in the filtrarte
Distal tubule;
tube extending from the loop of henle.
It also reabsorbs materials from the filtrarte . Tubular secretions occurs here. Materials such as creatinine and drugs are added to the filtrate
Collecting tubule:
tube that extends from the distal tubule to the renal pelvis. This portion of the nephron is mainly responsible for reabsorption of water

20. Nephron Function (4 stages)
1. Filtration:
Blood travels from the renal artery, to an arteriole and then into the glomerulus, a mass of capillaries surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule.

21. Blood pressure forces some plasma of the blood, containing both waste and useful material, into the Bowman’s capsule. This material is called the nephric filtrate.

22. The filtrate contains such things as: water, urea, uric acid, salt, glucose, amino acids, ions and vitamins.

23. 1. Filtration
Filtration – Hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) forces
water and dissolved substances out of the glomerular blood into Bowman’s capsule.
H2O, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, wastes
Averages 125 ml/min for both kidneys
Æ180 liters/day
The vast majority of the filtrate must be taken back

24. 2. Re-absorption:
From the Bowman’s capsule the filtrate is pushed into the proximal tubule. The process of re-absorption, of useful materials within the filtrate, into the capillary network that surrounds the nephron than begins.

25. Reabsorption occurs by osmosis, diffusion, and active transport
Reabsorbed materials include water, glucose, amino acids, ions and vitamins

26. When the filtrate reaches the end of the distal tubule the solution is isotonic (the filtrate and the surrounding cells have the same concentration of water and solutes).

27. The filtrate then moves down the descending loop of Henle; as the loop descends further into the inner medulla, sodium concentrations in the surrounding tissue increase which draws water out of the filtrate (by osmosis).

28. At the bottom of the loop sodium ions in the filtrate are at high concentration and therefore diffuse out of the tubule.

29. Positive sodium ions are followed by negative chloride ions
Water cannot reenter the ascending loop because this loop is impermeable to water

30. H2O - osmosis
NaCl - active transport
Glucose, amino acids - active co-transport

31. 3. Secretion Occurs in the distal tubule
Involves active transport of substances from the capillaries into the tubule
Substances include hydrogen ions, creatinine and drugs

32. 4. Elimination
The fluid than enters the collecting duct as urine. It passes through the pelvis into the ureter.
Most of the water, ions and useful nutrients (glucose, amino acids) have been reabsorbed.

33. Path of filtrate through nephron:
Bowman’s capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct

34. Control of Water Balance
When water levels are too low:
The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete a hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin. ADH travels through blood to kidneys.

35. 2) ADH increases the permeability of the tubules and collecting ducts
3) More water is reabsorbed into the blood so the urine is more concentrated

36. When water levels are too high:
Hypothalamus doesn’t stimulate ADH secretion
Little water is reabsorbed into the blood so the urine is more dilute.

37. Other
Aldosterone: affects distal tubule and collecting tubule to reabsorb sodium ions
ANP( atrial natruuretic peptide: increase glomerulus filtration rate by dilating the arterioles and inhibits the collecting ducts from reabsorbing sodum.

38. Excretory System Disoders
These are problems associated with the kidneys, bladder , or ureters
We will examine the following disorders:
1. Urinary tract Infections
Cystitus
Ureyhritis
Pyelonephritis
2. Kidney stones
3. Kidney Failure

39. Urinary Tract Infections UTI’s
These are Bacterial Infections of the kidneys, bladder or Urethra
There are 3 types of UTI’s
1. Cystitis- infection of the bladder
2. Urethritis- infection of the urethra (tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body)
3. Pyelonephritis- infection of the kidney

40. Causes of UTI’s Bacteria from the anus (females Blocked prostate (men)
Bacterial infection from other areas of the body
Note: UTI’s are more common in females than males

41. Symptoms of UTI’s Painful urination Burning sensation
Bloody or brown urine
Chills, fever, nausea

42. Danger and Treatments Danger of UTI’s Treatments of UTI’s
Permanent damage to the kidneys and possible kidney failure.
Treatments of UTI’s
antibiotics

43. 2. Kidney Stones What are Kidney Stones?
These are hard crystals of calcium oxalate or uric acid that foem in the kidney bladder or ureter/urethra
Kidney stones form when materials in the urine solidify
Kidney stones are more common in men than women

44. Causes of Kidney Stones?
Urinary tract infections
Not drinking enough water
Too much vitamin C and D

45. Symptoms of Kidney Stones
Severe pain in abdomen and back
Blood in urine
Nausea
vomiting

46. Treatments of Kidney Stones
Change diet
Drink lots of water
Ultrasound( breaks them up so they can pass) called lithotripsy
Surgery (open)
Incision through the back (nephrolithotomy
Insertion of thin telescopic instrument into urinary tract( ureteroscopsy)

47. Kidney Failure
When the kidneys are not working correctly, waste products and excess fluid can build up and the levels of sodium, potassium, phosphate and calcium are not regulated correctly. 

48. symptoms of kidney disease, which can include
high blood pressure,
excessive tiredness,
fluid retention and
possibly lower back pain.

49. Causes Kidney damage can occur for a number of reasons diabetes,
high blood pressure,
infections and a group of diseases that affect the glomerulus. 
The kidneys also need an adequate supply of blood, so if there is something wrong with the blood vessels to the kidney, such as a narrowing, this will prevent the kidneys from working efficiently.

50. Treatments
dialysis
cleans and filters your blood using a machine to temporarily rid your body of harmful wastes, extra salt, and extra water. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and helps your body keep the proper balance of important chemicals such as potassium, sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate.
Dialysis can replace part of the function of your kidneys. Diet, medications, and fluid limits are often needed as well. Your diet, fluids, and the number of medications you need will depend on which treatment you choose.

51. Kidney transplantation
surgically places a healthy kidney from another person into your body. The donated kidney does enough of the work that your two failed kidneys used to do to keep you healthy and symptom free.