1. Situational Awareness / Photo and Video Flights WHY DISCUSS? Scratch Mitchell – CJAA 2015

2. RCAF 1989 – 2010 (CF 5 / CF18) CF-18 demo pilot – 1999 Snowbird 7 – 2000 – 2002 Snowbird Lead – 2007 – 2008 Hawk One F-86 demo pilot – 2011 Patriots Jet Team – 2011 – ICAS ACE Committee – 2012 - 2

3. 3 Outline Situational Awareness; Levels of Situational Awareness; Causes of Lost Situational Awareness; Building / Regaining Situational Awareness; and SA and Photo / Video Shoots

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5. 5 Situational Awareness “ The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future. ” Knowing what’s going on around you! Or… Your mental picture (model) of the current state.

6. 3 Jul 036 Situational Awareness What is happening What has happened What might happen SA

7. 3 Jul 037 Situational Awareness Pre-Requisites In order to have “S.A.”, you must know… Your own abilities and limitations; Your team’s abilities and limitations; Your equipment/resources; Your rules and procedures; Your environment; and Your mission!

8. 8 Total SA Requirements Geographical SA; – Location of self, other aircraft, terrain, etc. Spatial/Temporal SA; – Heading, altitude, speed, etc. System SA; – System status, settings of radio, altimeter, etc. Environmental SA; and – Weather formations, areas to avoid, etc. Mission SA. – Critical phases – Mission status, capabilities, threats, timings, etc.

9. 3 Jul 039 Levels of Situation Awareness Perception Comprehension Projection 1 3 2

10. 10 Levels of Situation Awareness

11. 3 Jul 0311 Situational Awareness 1 2 Levels and = 3 Level = Perception Comprehension Projection 1 3 2

12. 3 Jul 0312 Factors Affecting SA SA is challenged by limits caused by: Human attention; and Working memory. Experience and training are the primary mechanisms for overcoming these limitations.

13. 13 Automation and S.A. You can quickly find yourself “ out of the loop ” Caused by: A loss of vigilance and increase in complacency; Being a “ passive recipient ” instead of an “ active processor ” of information; and Lack of feedback from the automated system.

14. 3 Jul 0314 Causes of Loss of SA Time pressure; Misdirected attention; Lack of knowledge regarding situation; Self-imposed pressure; Distraction by irrelevant stimuli; Low workload – complacency; and High workload - task saturation.

15. 3 Jul 0315 Fighter SA – F-15 Pilot Survey 1.Building a composite image of the entire situation in three dimensions; 2.Assimilation of information from multiple sources; 3.Knowing spatial position & geometric relationships; 4.Periodically updating the current dynamic situation; 5.Prioritizing information and actions; 6.Make quality and timely decisions; and 7.Projecting current situation into the future.

16. 3 Jul 0316 Symptoms of Lost S.A. (Aircrew) 1.Ambiguity; 2.Fixation or Preoccupation; 3.Confusion or an Empty Feeling; 4.No One Flying the Aircraft; 5.No One Looking Out the Window; 6.Use of an Undocumented Procedure; 7.Violating Limitations; 8.Departure From SOP; 9.Unresolved Discrepancies; 10.Failure to Meet Targets (show performance); and 11.Reduced or Poor Communications.

17. 17 Maximizing & Maintaining SA PLAN; SOPs; Resolve discrepancies; Focus on your mission goals; Manage distractions; Manage workload; Trust your gut; Set and meet targets; Communicate

18. 18 Recovering from Lost SA (Aircrew) Admit and verbalize the loss of SA; Revert back to basics; Communicate Create some space; Climb to cope Make some time; Seek information – OODA Process; and Observe Orient Decide Act Obtain feedback.

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21. 3 Jul 0321 Your SA Flashlight

22. 3 Jul 0322 Your SA Flashlight

23. 3 Jul 0323 Your SA Flashlight

24. 3 Jul 0324 Your SA Flashlight

25. 3 Jul 0325 Your SA Flashlight

26. 3 Jul 0326 Your SA Flashlight

27. 27 S.A. “ Prescription ” Keep your “SA flashlight” moving; Update your SA whenever the situation changes; Update SA after completion of each task and sub- task; Return to the “ big picture ” whenever there is time; Whenever possible, stay task-driven; and Watch for signs of degraded SA.

28. 3 Jul 0328 SA and Media Shoots

29. 3 Jul 0329 The Highest Risk Flying We Do! WHY – Often Ad Hoc – “Can I join in” “Why don’t we just…” – People not knowing the risks / variables – Assuming it’s just formation flying – Seldom a solid brief / debrief cycle

30. 3 Jul 0330 Brief and Debrief Brief – Who’s lead? Execute Debrief

31. 3 Jul 0331 Know the Mission The shot list Who, What, Where, When

32. 3 Jul 0332 Knowing the Players Backgrounds – Pilots (camera ship / subject a/c) – Camera crew

33. 3 Jul 0333 Know the Aircraft Particularly for dissimilar a/c – Airspeeds Slow speed handling qualities – Helo / Cineflex shooting – Drones?

34. 3 Jul 0334 Know the Profiles Aerobatic maneuvering Airspace – most people underestimate requirements Rejoins… Terra Firma – land features for shoots – low level + greater risk

35. LLAT MANOEUVRES ~ PHYSICS STRAIGHT AND LEVEL WINGS LEVEL BUNT Time to impact TTI = AGL = AGL 1/2 x [(32.2 - ('G' x 32.2)] 4.01 AGL DEPENDENT AGL (ft)TTI 1002.5 2503.0 5005.5

36. LLAT MANOEUVRES~TURNS Let's use 10 deg deviation from level turn to calculate TTI AGL (ft)Str+lvlLevel turn (1 deg pitch angle deviation) (10 deg deviation) 100 7 / 5.52.6 / 1.3 300 21 / 19.54.4 / 2.3 50035 / 33.55.8 / 2.9 (time to impact / last recovery point)

37. 3 Jul 0337 Set Boundries ‘No closer’ than distances ‘No lower’ than alts

38. 3 Jul 0338 Know the Escape Manoeuvres Emergency Ops – Dissimilar a/c Aborts Blind calls / protocols

39. 3 Jul 0339 Questions