1. BLOOD

2. Hematophobia = fear of blood
FUNCTION:
Blood transports substances (hormones, oxygen, glucose etc.)
Average adult has 5 liters in body
Maintains homeostasis in the body
Regulation of pH (7.4) and water levels
Maintenance of body temperature
Maintenance of blood sugar levels
Hematophobia = fear of blood

3. Blood and Blood Cells Composition
Red blood cells = 45%
White blood cells + platelets (“Buffy Coat”) = <1%
Plasma (water, proteins, amino acids, etc.) = 55%

4. Hematocrit – dense, bottom layer of cells in a blood sample (around 45%) when placed in a centrifuge  machine that rapidly spins test tubes around in circle

5. Three Types of Blood Cells
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)

6.  HEMATOPOEISIS – formation of blood cells in spongy red bone marrow
1. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
Biconcave discs
5 million per cubic millimeter
120 day life span
 HEMATOPOEISIS – formation of blood cells in spongy red bone marrow
 PHAGOCYTOSIS – destruction of dead and damaged RBCs in liver & spleen

7. Main Functions of RBCs
Transports oxygen throughout the body and picks up carbon dioxide waste to deliver to the lungs
HEMOGLOBIN - molecule found in RBC that binds with O2
IRON (“heme”) is critical to synthesize hemoglobin  recycled in liver after RBC death

8. Each hemoglobin molecule consists of 4 heme groups (tetramer) that allows four oxygen molecules to bind to hemoglobin
Competitive inhibitors like carbon monoxide easily bind to hemoglobin (250x greater affinity than oxygen) and can lead to dramatic reduction in oxygen levels (“poisoning”)

9. No nucleus & no organelles  no cell division
No mitochondria means RBCs generate ATP anaerobically or without oxygen (O2)  this prevents consumption of the O2 being transported
Oxygen helps make more ATP = ENERGY!!

10. Endocrine System: EPO, or erythropoietin, is a hormone produced by the liver and kidneys to increase production of red blood cells under conditions of hypoxia (low oxygen levels)
Disgraced cyclist Lance Armstrong admitted to Oprah Winfrey that he took banned substances, including EPO, during all seven of his Tour de France victories.
What is EPO? (Gizmodo Article)

11. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)
Immune System: protect the body against foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses, fungi etc.)
Contain nucleus + organelles

12. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)
Immune System: protect the body against foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses, fungi etc.)
Contain nucleus + organelles

13. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)
Neutrophils – phagocytes (to swallow) of bacterial and fungal cells

14. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)
Basophils – regulate inflammatory immune responses using histamine

15. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)
Lymphocytes – produce immune responses to foreign pathogens; memory of previous infections

16. LYMPHOCYTES
B cells – produce antibodies to tag and bind to specific antigens (what antibodies bind to, ex: bacterial protein), and then attract T cells
T cells – attack and destroy viral-infected and tumor cells

18. Platelets (thrombocytes)
Allow blood to clot and aid in blood vessel repair when damaged
No nucleus

19. RBC PLATELET WBC

20. PLASMA (55%) The liquid portion of blood is 92% water
Organic nutrients – glucose, amino acids, lipids (cholesterol, fatty acids)
Electrolytes – sodium, potassium, calcium chloride, bicarbonate etc.
Respiratory gases – oxygen & carbon dioxide

21. Plasma Proteins (7%)
Albumins – regulate osmotic pressure so cells don’t burst from water flowing in
Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) – form antibodies for immune responses
Fibrinogen – important for blood clotting

22. Definition and Functions: Facts:
A type of connective tissue whose cells are suspended in a liquid matrix.
*Men have more blood than women
1.5 gallons versus .875 gallons
*Blood is 3-4x more viscous than water
*Average adult has 5.3 quarts (5 liters)
*the pH of the blood = 7.4
Maintain stability of interstitial fluid
Distributes heat
Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes and hormones
BLOOD
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
Transports gases
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Protect against disease
Blood platelets
Thrombocytes
Close breaks in damaged blood vessels
Initiate formation of blood clots
Hematocrit (HCT)
Red blood cells
45%
Buffy coat
White blood cells and platelets
>1%
Plasma
mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes
55%