2. Tools for Air Navigation During World War II “From a good pilot all I expected was a good truck driver. I wanted him to shut up, drive the plan, and stay out of things as the navigator and the bombardier took care of the mission.” Lt. Col Harry Crosby, U.S. Army Air Forces

3. Navigators needed maps to know where they were and where they were going.

4. Different situations required different types of maps

5. These are some of the tools that navigators used to plot their course on maps Compass and Dividers Protractor

6. Navigators used this calculator to do the math that helped them determine course, time to destination, and fuel burn. E-6B Dead Reckoning Computer

7. . What is this? This is an E6-B Dead Reckoning Computer. It a simple calculator, with a circular slide rule for speed-time-distance and density altitude calculations on one side, and a wind triangle solution on the other. A wind triangle is a vector diagram, with three vectors that represent the relationship between aircraft motion and wind. The air vector-represents the motion of the aircraft through the air The wind vector represents wind speed The ground vector represents the motion of the aircraft over the ground (ground speed)

8. A Navigator needed to know if his plane was flying on course B-

9. Wind can force an aircraft off course A Drift Meter helps a navigator keep his plane on course. It has an optical system that projects outside of the plane, allowing a navigator to look out of a moving plane. When the navigator looks through the eye piece he is looking through a grid. It can be used with the desired course is not readily apparent (over a desert or an ocean).

10. Navigators sometimes needed to look to the sky to figure out where they were A-10 A Sextant Used when skies were clear to sight on a star (or the sun). Using that location, plus charts, told a navigator their line of position.

11. LORAN, a type of radio navigation developed during World War II, enabled navigators to know where they were —no matter the weather LORAN was kept top secret until after World War II

12. LORAN needed a special type of chart that showed the station chains

13. As well as specially designed equipment, along with an experienced operator.