1. CHAPTER 10 OBJECT INHERITANCE Introduction to Computer Science Using Ruby (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

2. Inheritance  Classes can be defined so as to have relationships with other classes  The most basic of these relationships is called inheritance  No need to redefine similar parts of classes  A class can inherit properties from another class  Inheritance can represent the relationship between a generic ball, a baseball, a tennis ball, and a ping pong ball: they are all spherical objects (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

3. Inheritance  We expand our view of accounts to create both a checking and a savings account  Analyze what they have in common  Have a balance  Can withdraw money  Can deposit money Account class: Attributes Shared: (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

4. Inheritance  Defines attributes that both types of accounts can use  Defines the similarities in the relationship  Eliminates the need to duplicate common data and methods  Defines the differences  i.e., checking and savings accounts  Main differences:  Cannot withdraw beyond the minimum balance from a savings account  Savings account generates interest Parent Class or Superclass:Child Class or Subclass: (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

5. Inheritance  The checking and savings account classes will define the differences  These are the child class or subclass  The main differences are:  You cannot withdraw beyond the minimum balance from a savings account  A savings account generates interest (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

6. Example 10.1: Savings Account Version #1 1 require_relative '../chapter_09/account_5.rb' 2 3 class SavingsAccount < Account 4 def initialize(balance, name, phone_number, interest, minimum) 5 super(balance, name, phone_number) 6 @interest = interest 7 @minimum = minimum 8 end 9 10 def accumulate_interest 11 @balance += @balance * @interest 12 end 13 end (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

7. class Account def initialize(balance, name, phone_number) @balance = balance @name = name @phone_number = phone_number end def deposit(amount) @balance += amount end def withdraw(amount) @balance -= amount end (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

8. def display puts "Name: " + @name puts "Phone number: " + @phone_number.to_s puts "Balance: " + @balance.to_s end def transfer(amount, target_account) @balance -= amount target_account.deposit(amount) end def status return @balance end (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

9. 1 require_relative '../chapter_09/account_5.rb' 2 3 class SavingsAccount < Account 4 def initialize(balance, name, phone_number, interest, minimum) 5 super(balance, name, phone_number) 6 @interest = interest 7 @minimum = minimum 8 end 9 10 def accumulate_interest 11 @balance += @balance * @interest 12 end 13 end < defines inheritance in Ruby (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

10. 1 require_relative '../chapter_09/account_5.rb' 2 3 class SavingsAccount < Account 4 def initialize(balance, name, phone_number, interest, minimum) 5 super(balance, name, phone_number) 6 @interest = interest 7 @minimum = minimum 8 end 9 10 def accumulate_interest 11 @balance += @balance * @interest 12 end 13 end Account class is the parent class (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

11. 1 require_relative '../chapter_09/account_5.rb' 2 3 class SavingsAccount < Account 4 def initialize(balance, name, phone_number, interest, minimum) 5 super(balance, name, phone_number) 6 @interest = interest 7 @minimum = minimum 8 end 9 10 def accumulate_interest 11 @balance += @balance * @interest 12 end 13 end SavingsAccount is the child class (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

12. 1 require_relative '../chapter_09/account_5.rb' 2 3 class SavingsAccount < Account 4 def initialize(balance, name, phone_number, interest, minimum) 5 super(balance, name, phone_number) 6 @interest = interest 7 @minimum = minimum 8 end 9 10 def accumulate_interest 11 @balance += @balance * @interest 12 end 13 end “ super ” is a call to the parent class’ constructor (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

13. 1 require_relative '../chapter_09/account_5.rb' 2 3 class SavingsAccount < Account 4 def initialize(balance, name, phone_number, interest, minimum) 5 super(balance, name, phone_number) 6 @interest = interest 7 @minimum = minimum 8 end 9 10 def accumulate_interest 11 @balance += @balance * @interest 12 end 13 end The variables are unique to the SavingsAccount class (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

14. 1 require_relative '../chapter_09/account_5.rb' 2 3 class SavingsAccount < Account 4 def initialize(balance, name, phone_number, interest, minimum) 5 super(balance, name, phone_number) 6 @interest = interest 7 @minimum = minimum 8 end 9 10 def accumulate_interest 11 @balance += @balance * @interest 12 end 13 end New method for the child class (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

15. Inheritance  The SavingsAccount class can do more than the method it defined  It inherits all of the super class’ variables and methods Table 10.1: SavingsAccount Inherited Summary DataMethods @balancewithdraw(amount) @namedeposit(amount) @phone_numbertransfer(amount,targetAmount) display (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

16. Inheritance: Polymorphism  Because SavingsAccount is subclass of Account, it can use the transfer method to send funds to an Account object  Does have its limits  Cannot use the subclasses properties on a superclass  Subclass has features the superclass does not  Cannot use accumulate_interest() method on an Account object (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

17. Basic Methods Overriding  It is sometimes convenient to alter methods that already exist in a superclass  The SavingsAccount class needs to make sure the balance does not go below the minimum  To achieve this, the SavingsAccount class will need to override the withdraw method  Needs to define its own withdraw functionality (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

18. Example 10.2: SavingsAccount Version #2 1 require_relative '../chapter_09/account_5.rb' 2 3 class SavingsAccount < Account 4 def initialize(balance, name, phone_number, interest, minimum) 5 super(balance, name, phone_number) 6 @interest = interest 7 @minimum = minimum 8 end 9 10 def accumulate_interest 11 @balance += @balance * @interest 12 end 13 (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

19. Example 10.2 Cont’d 14 def withdraw(amount) 15 if (@balance - amount >= @minimum) 16 @balance -= amount 17 else 18 puts "Balance cannot drop below: " + @minimum.to_s 19 end 20 end 21 end Withdraw has been overridden by defining a method in the subclass with a new name (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

20. Accessing the Superclass  In many cases, the overriding methods are similar to the methods they override  Instead of repeating code, we can call the superclass inside an overridden method  Simply insert the word super with all the parameters that are needed (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

21. Example 10.3: SavingsAccount Version #3 1 require_relative '../chapter_09/account_5.rb' 2 3 class SavingsAccount < Account 4 def initialize(balance, name, phone_number, interest, minimum) 5 super(balance, name, phone_number) 6 @interest = interest 7 @minimum = minimum 8 end 9 10 def accumulate_interest 11 @balance += @balance * @interest 12 end 13 (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

22. Example 10.3 Cont’d 14 def withdraw(amount) 15 if (@balance - amount >= @minimum) 16 super(amount) 17 else 18 puts "Balance cannot drop below: " + @minimum.to_s 19 end 20 end 21 end The difference for this example is small but can be larger for more complex programs (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al

23. Summary  Inheritance: classes can be created from other classes and use the resources of the parent class  The parent class or the superclass, defines the relationship with the child class or subclass  Subclasses inherit both data and methods from their parent class  In some cases, methods used by the child class need to be overridden (c) 2012 Ophir Frieder et al