1. PEACE THROUGH DISARMAMENT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, MINE ACTION AND YOUTH ACTIVISM

2. LANDMINES, CLUSTER MUNITIONS AND OTHER EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR According to the 2010 Landmine Monitor Report, there were 3,956 casualties of landmines, cluster munitions and other explosive remnants of war across the globe. These weapons resulted in the deaths of 1,041 people and injury of 2,855 people with 60 casualties’ status unknown.

3. HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF CONFLICT?

4. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND THE 4 TH GENEVA CONVENTION THE 4 TH GENEVA CONVENTION PROVIDES HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION TO CIVILIANS UNDER IHL. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW SEEKS TO SAVE LIVES AND ALLEVIATE SUFFERING DURING ARMED CONFLICT.

5. THE PRINCIPAL OF PROPORTIONALITY THE EFFECT OF THE MEANS AND METHODS OF WARFARE USED MUST NOT BE DISPROPORTIONATE TO THE MILITARY ADVANTAGE SOUGHT.

6. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IF A WEAPON OF WAR CANNOT DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN TARGETS CAUSING UNJUSTIFIED SUFFERING, ITS USE IS PROHIBITED UNDER IHL.

7. WHAT ARE LANDMINES?

8. A mine designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person and that will incapacitate, injure or kill one or more persons.

9. HOW DO LANDMINES EXPLODE? BLAST MINE FRAGMENTATION MINE

10. HOW DO LANDMINES EXPLODE? BLAST MINE FRAGMENTATION MINE Explode at ground level activated by pressure giving off a blast wave and projecting shrapnel causing injury or death. Explode at or 3-4 feet above ground often activated by trip wire projecting fragments causing injury or death.

11. WHAT IS THE STATE OF LANDMINES IN THE WORLD ?

12. According to the 2010 Landmine Monitor Report, 66 states and seven areas are mine-affected or suspected of being so. There were 513 casualties of AP landmines.

13. WHAT IS THE STATE OF LANDMINES IN NEPAL?

14. Context - During the decade-long conflict the Royal Nepal Army laid mines across 53 fields. Victims – Based on the data available, since 1 January 2006 to 1 June 2011, 23 mine casualties were reported resulting in 4 fatalities. State – As of 14 June 2011, all 53 landmine fields have been cleared. However, the Nepal Army still possesses stockpiles making Nepal mine-field free rather than completely mine free.

15. HOW CAN WE SOLVE THE LANDMINE PROBLEM?

16. Mine Risk Education is essential to spreading awareness to affected communities in order that they avoid the weapon and contact the authorities for destruction. MINE RISK EDUCATION

17. HOW CAN WE SOLVE THE PROBLEM? The Geneva Conventions’ Means and Methods of Warfare prohibit the use of weapons that do not discriminate between military and civilian targets. Although peace may be declared, these weapons continue to maim and kill. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of AP Mines and on their Destruction is the international agreement banning AP mines and can create a mine free world ANTI-PERSONNEL MINE BAN CONVENTION States Party: 156 / States Not Party: 39

18. WHAT ARE CLUSTER MUNITIONS?

19. Cluster munitions means a conventional munition that is designed to disperse or release explosive submunitions each weighing less than 20 kilograms and includes those submunitions.

20. HOW DO CLUSTER MUNITIONS EXPLODE? Cluster munitions are dispersed across a wide area intended to detonate upon impact. However, the detonation failure rate is quite high. Cluster munitions can detonate when handled and on account of their toy-like shape, children are often times victims. When they explode, submunitions can cause fatalities to anyone within a 20 metres radius and injuries within a 100 metres radius.

21. WHAT IS THE STATE OF CLUSTER MUNITIONS IN THE WORLD ?

22. According to the 2010 Landmine Monitor Report, at least 23 countries and 3 areas are affected by cluster munitions. There were 100 victims of cluster submunition remnants as well as an undetermined number of cluster munition victims from the 1,044 casualties of explosive remnants of war. However, it should be noted that there is no definitive reliable statistic for cluster munition casualties and the issue of underreporting is widespread.

23. WHAT IS THE STATE OF CLUSTER MUNITIONS IN NEPAL?

24. Nepal has never used or been affected by cluster munitions.

25. HOW CAN WE SOLVE THE LANDMINE PROBLEM? Risk Education is essential to spreading awareness to affected communities in order that they avoid the weapon and contact the authorities for destruction. RISK EDUCATION

26. HOW CAN WE SOLVE THE PROBLEM? The Geneva Conventions’ Means and Methods of Warfare prohibit the use of weapons that do not discriminate between military and civilian targets. Cluster munitions are deployed over an extremely wide area affecting both military and civilian personnel. In addition they have an extremely high detonation failure rate continuing to cause casualties after conflict. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Cluster Munitions and on their Destruction is the international agreement banning cluster munitions and can create a cluster munition free world THE CONVENTION ON CLUSTER MUNITIONS Signatories: 109 / Non-signatories: 86

27. WHAT ARE EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR AND IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES?

28. IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES A manually placed explosive device normally ‘home-made’ and adapted in some way to kill, injure, damage property or create terror. An IED is a specific kind of ERW. EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR All unexploded weapons, other than landmines, which remain after a conflict. These include artillery shells, grenades, rockets, airdropped bombs and cluster munitions.

29. HOW DO ERW AND IEDs EXPLODE? Weapons that fail to detonate on impact can later be activated by handling and contact.

30. WHAT IS THE STATE OF ERW AND IEDs IN THE WORLD ?

31. According to the 2010 Landmine Monitor Report, there were 1,044 casualties of victim-activated ERW and 549 casualties of IEDs.

32. WHAT IS THE STATE OF CLUSTER MUNITIONS IN NEPAL?

33. WHAT IS THE STATE OF ERW AND IEDs IN NEPAL? Context – During the conflict, IEDs were utilized by the Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, Royal Nepal Army and Maoist Army. Victims – Based on the data available since 1 January 2006 to 1 June 2011, there have been 450 casualties from victim-activated explosions of ERW and IEDs. State – IED fields laid by the RNA are to be cleared by the end of 2011, however, there are unknown amounts of ERW left by Maoists and currently used by armed groups.

34. HOW CAN WE SOLVE THE LANDMINE PROBLEM? Risk Education is essential to spreading awareness to affected communities in order that they avoid the weapon and contact the authorities for destruction. RISK EDUCATION

35. HOW CAN WE SOLVE THE PROBLEM? These weapons do not discriminate between military and civilian personnel and continue to kill and injure once hostilities have ceased. The United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Protocol II (mines, booby traps and other devices) as well as Protocol V (Explosive Remnants of War) work to address the use of these weapons and provide guidelines for sharing information, conducting risk education and removing the weapons from affected areas. THE CONVENTION ON CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS States Parties: 109 / Non-States Parties: 86

36. WHAT CAN YOU DO? As youth, you are the future leaders of your country. You have the power within yourselves to create the type of society you want to live in. You possess the passion, drive and commitment to be a positive and powerful force for peace. Although the path of promoting social justice will contain both peaks and valleys, hold firm to your ideals and remain resolute in your convictions as a better world is not only possible, because of you, it is currently under construction.

37. ENGAGE THE COMMUNITY Know Your Audience Determine the number of people, assess their level of knowledge and consider the most appropriate style. Creating the Presentation Hook the audience in early, connect the topic to the audience and identify steps they can take to address the issue. Giving An Effective Presentation Be engaging, welcome comment with positive feedback and maintain a comfortable pace.

38. ENGAGE THE MEDIA Magazines Sending the Message Spread awareness for the issue to a large audience, express a more in-depth opinion and provide relevant statistics to support your perspective. Newspapers Websites Radio Television

39. ENGAGE THE GOVERNMENT Contact Send an e-mail, letter or fax, request a meeting and collect signatures on the issue. Preparation Know the issue, outline why it requires urgent action and provide solutions. Remember, elected officials are entrusted to act according to the will of the people. Speaking on behalf of the members of society is vital for change.

40. LET YOUR LIGHT SHINE! "Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? … It is not just in some of us; it is in everyone. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others." Nelson Mandela

41. FOR MORE INFORMATION INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN TO BAN LANDMINES WWW.ICBL.ORG CLUSTER MUNITIONS COALITION WWW.STOPCLUSTERMUNITIONS.ORG THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISARMAMENT AFFAIRS http://www.un.org/disarmament/ THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF GENEVA WWW.UNOG.CH BAN LANDMINES CAMPAIGN NEPAL WWW.NEPAL.ICBL.ORG

42. YPIMAP 2011 DUSTIN CIUFO MINES ACTION CANADA BAN LANDMINES CAMPAIGN NEPAL