1. Warm Up: Happy Tuesday!!! What do you know about gladiators?
Where have you seen gladiators in the media??

2. Roman Culture and Society

4. Roman Arts and Literature
The Romans spread Greco-Roman arts and culture throughout the empire

5. Roman Arts
Developed a taste for Greek statues

6. Sculpture
Sculptures produced more realistic works

7. Paintings
Painters painted portraits and landscapes on walls of villas

8. Architecture
Concrete helped to construct huge buildings that the Greeks could not create
Remarkable engineers
Roads, bridges, and aqueducts
Built 50,000 miles of roads throughout the empire
In Rome, a dozen aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water

9. Architecture Excelled in architecture Used curved forms
Arch, vault and dome

10. Slavery and Slave Revolts
No people in the ancient world had more slaves or depended on slaved more than the Romans
Large numbers of captured soldiers in war became slaves
Used as: household workers, cooks, valets, waiters, cleaners, gardeners, farm laborers
Many slave holders were afraid of their slaves b/c they treated them so awful

11. Slavery and Slave Revolts
If a slave killed his master, the slave would be executed and all other slaves would be killed too
Most famous slave revolt was led by the gladiator Spartacus
In 73 B.C. he led 70,000 slaves
Defeated several armies
6,000 of his followers were crucified or nailed to a cross

12. Spartacus is Hollywood

13. Aqueducts and Roman Roads
Superb builders
Network of 50,000 miles of roads
Rome- a dozen aqueducts kept 1 million people supplied with water

14. City life in Ancient Rome had great problems similar to life today

15. Family The heart of Roman society was the family
Paterfamilias- the dominant male
Included wife, sons and their wives, unmarried daughters, and slaves

16. Education Raised their children at home
Upper-class children: expected to learn and read
Father was chief figure in providing education
Decided whether to teach them, hire a teacher, or send to school
Teachers were often Greek slaves

17. Adulthood Childhood ended for: Women must have male guardians Boys- 16
Girls
Ceremony for boys- trade in purple toga
Girls ceremony- marriage
Women must have male guardians
Paterfamilias responsibility
When he dies, sons or nearest relative takes over

18. Marriage Girls could get married as young as 12 Boys usually 16-18
Meant for life
3rd century A.D.- introduce divorce
Easy to obtain
Husband or wife could ask for it
Fathers arranged marriages for their daughters

19. Women More independence and freedom
Right to own, inherit and sell property
Not segregated from men in the homes
Could attend races, theater, amphitheater but sit in separate sections
Accompanied by maids
Could not participate in politics

20. Living Conditions in Rome

21. Living Conditions in Rome
Center of the empire was Rome, one million people at the time of Augustus
Boasted public buildings like no other in the world, but also was over crowded and noisy
Hard to sleep at night
Dangerous- could be robbed
Wagon traffic horrible
Soaked by fiflth trhown out of windows

22. Where they lived The rich lived in comfortable villas
The poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae
Fire an extreme hazard
Hard to put out
Famous one in A.D. 64
High rent- lived in one room
No AC or central heating= very uncomfortable

24. Living Conditions in Rome
Emperors proved food for the poor
Large scale entertainment was provided for the people of Rome
1. Horse and chariot races in Circus Maximus
2. Dramatic performances were held in theaters
3. Gladiator shows

25. Circus Maximus and The Colosseum
The Roman Gladiators
A Gladiator’s Life
Types of Gladiators
Circus Maximus and The Colosseum

26. The beginnings of Violent games

27. A Gladiator’s Life
As Rome expands it comes into conflict with other cultures
Majority of those that become gladiators are because of conquest
The conquered were then escorted back to Rome where they would be sold in slave markets

28. A Gladiator’s Life Sent to a ludus gladiatorious to be trained
Training was under the supervision of a lanista or “the butcher”
Abuse was common place and was both physical and psychological (whipping most common)
Day consisted of lifting weights and learning the art of death

29. A Gladiator’s Life Common myth is that gladiators were only slaves
Majority were but they were criminals, debtors and those condemned to death
Trained according to one’s physical attributes or skills

30. Training

31. At the Coliseum At the coliseum gladiators fought first
Concerned about survival and what lanista will do if you do not perform well
After condemned are killed, animals hunted and criminal fights
Gladiators fight again in late day but it is to the death now

32. Death of Gladiators
Defeated gladiators could appeal for mercy but it was at the whim of the crowd
Death did not always come at the hands of one’s opponent
Men dressed as Roman gods would kill the loser in a variety of ways to add to the sensationalism of the event
Thumbs down meant to spare the gladiator
A thumb up meant to kill him

33. Colosseum Built by Emperor Vespasian and Titus 70-80 A.D.
Seated 45,000, had two large restroom areas, covered area, numbered seating based on class, and had supporting facilities nearby
Longest games were 123 days long

34. Colosseum
Exotic animals hunts, gladiatorial combat, executions, brutal plays, battle recreations and possibly naval battles with alligators entertained the crowds

37. Bull Fight vs. Roman Warriors

38. Death of a Gladiator

39. Material Evidence

40. Thraex

42. Gladiatorial Scenes in Art

43. Zliten Mosaic Originally in a Roman seaside villa
Now in Archaeological Musuem
Tripoli, Tunisia

45. Fragment of a Relief Showing Gladiators in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art
Roman, 1st-3rd century AD Recorded ca in the Vigna Aquari in Rome. Accession #

46. Gladiator cup, ca. 50–80 A.D.; Neronian–Early Flavianic Roman; Found at Montagnole, southern France
Now in New York Metropolitan Museum of Art
Glass; H. 2 7/8 in. (7.3 cm), Diam. 3 1/8 in. (7.9 cm) Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1881 ( )

47. Ancient Mosaic now in Bourghese Gallery, Rome

49. Murder and non-Gladiator games

50. Gladiatorial Tombstones

51. Christians vs. Gladiators