1. 1 Job Analysis & Job Design Paul L. Schumann, Ph.D. © 2011 by Paul L. Schumann. All rights reserved.

2. 2 Work-Flow Analysis Work Output Work Output What is the work output of a work unit?What is the work output of a work unit? What are the work standards?What are the work standards? Work Processes & Activities Work Processes & Activities What tasks are necessary?What tasks are necessary? Work Inputs Work Inputs What raw materials, equipment, and human KSAOs are needed?What raw materials, equipment, and human KSAOs are needed?

3. 3 Organization Structure Dimensions of Structure Dimensions of Structure Degree of CentralizationDegree of Centralization Centralized Centralized Decentralized Decentralized Method of DepartmentalizationMethod of Departmentalization Departments based on functional similarity Departments based on functional similarity Departments based on work-flow similarity Departments based on work-flow similarity

4. 4 Organization Structure Structural Configurations Structural Configurations Functional StructureFunctional Structure High centralization High centralization Departments based on business functions Departments based on business functions Divisional StructureDivisional Structure Low centralization Low centralization Departments based on work-flow Departments based on work-flow

5. 5 Job Analysis Job Descriptions Job Descriptions Tasks, duties, and responsibilities (TDRs)Tasks, duties, and responsibilities (TDRs) Job Specifications Job Specifications QualificationsQualifications Knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) Knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) Might combine job description & job spec into one document for each job Might combine job description & job spec into one document for each job

6. 6 Job Analysis Some examples of job descriptions Some examples of job descriptions Restaurant ManagerRestaurant Manager http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~schumann/www/teach/sample_job_descrip.pdf http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~schumann/www/teach/sample_job_descrip.pdf http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~schumann/www/teach/sample_job_descrip.pdf Store ManagerStore Manager http://corporate.burlingtoncoatfactory.com/employment/job_storemgr.shtml http://corporate.burlingtoncoatfactory.com/employment/job_storemgr.shtml http://corporate.burlingtoncoatfactory.com/employment/job_storemgr.shtml

7. 7 Job Analysis Format of each task statement Format of each task statement First word or phrase: What action is being performed?First word or phrase: What action is being performed? Present-tense verb: “Supervise …” Present-tense verb: “Supervise …” Next word or phrase: To whom or what is the action performed?Next word or phrase: To whom or what is the action performed? Object of verb: “… operation of bar …” Object of verb: “… operation of bar …” Last phrase: Additional informationLast phrase: Additional information “… to maximize profitability, minimize legal liability, and conform to alcoholic beverage regulations “… to maximize profitability, minimize legal liability, and conform to alcoholic beverage regulations

8. 8 Job Analysis Uses of Job Analysis Uses of Job Analysis Job redesignJob redesign SelectionSelection Training and developmentTraining and development Performance appraisalPerformance appraisal PayPay

9. 9 Job Analysis Sources of information Sources of information Job incumbentsJob incumbents SupervisorsSupervisors Other sourcesOther sources

10. 10 Job Analysis Methods Methods Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ)Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) O*Net: http://www.onetonline.org/O*Net: http://www.onetonline.org/http://www.onetonline.org/ OthersOthers Do it yourself Do it yourself Other standardized questionnaires Other standardized questionnaires Professional & Managerial Position Questionnaire (PMPQ)Professional & Managerial Position Questionnaire (PMPQ) OthersOthers

11. 11 Job Design & Job Redesign Mechanistic approach Mechanistic approach Task specializationTask specialization Skill simplificationSkill simplification RepetitionRepetition

12. 12 Job Design & Job Redesign Motivational approach Motivational approach Job Characteristics Model (Hackman & Oldham)Job Characteristics Model (Hackman & Oldham) Job characteristics: (1) Skill variety, (2) Task identity, (3) Task significance, (4) Autonomy, & (5) Feedback Job characteristics: (1) Skill variety, (2) Task identity, (3) Task significance, (4) Autonomy, & (5) Feedback Implementation Implementation Job enlargementJob enlargement Job enrichmentJob enrichment Self-managing teamsSelf-managing teams

13. 13 Job Design & Job Redesign Biological approach Biological approach ErgonomicsErgonomics Redesign equipment to better fit the human body Redesign equipment to better fit the human body Redesign work and work processes Redesign work and work processes Perceptual-motor approach Perceptual-motor approach Redesign jobs to better fit human cognitive capabilitiesRedesign jobs to better fit human cognitive capabilities