1. LIGHTWEIGHT Giampiero MASTINU Milano, 12-03-2013

2. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli NEDC NEDC ( New European Driving Cycle ) (MVEG-95, Motor Vehicle Emission Group-95) (corresponding US cycle: FTP-75)

3. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli NEDC UnitECE 15EUDC Distance[km]4×1.013=4.0526.955 Duration[s]4×195=780400 Average Speed [km/h]18.7 (with idling)62.6 Maximum speed [km/h]50120 New European Driving Cycle (NEDC or MVEG-95), composed by 4 repetitions of ECE 15 driving cycle and one repetition of EUDC (EUDC Extra Urban Driving Cycle)

4. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli energy required to travel 100km E=[kJ/100km]

5. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli F zR F zF h mg ma x F xF F xR l lFlF lRlR A B A = A(m)= a·m +b a = 5.7 10 -4 m 2 /kg b=1.172 m 2 energy required to travel 100km

6. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli energy required to travel 100km

7. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli energy required to travel 100km

8. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli sensitivity Vehicle type Data Percent variation of E due to 10% variation of Rated Power kW Am2 Am2 Cx Cx fR fR m kg drag coeff. p 1= C x rolling resist. p 2= f R vehicle mass p 3= m Mid-range 1402.20.2612·1 0 -3 1560249 Compact 552.00.2910·1 0 -3 1120438 Sports 3101.90.2912·1 0 -3 1650249 SUV 2002.30.4114·1 0 -3 2640249

9. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli Mass reduction allows vehicles to accelerate more rapidly

10. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli time to reach v x Vehicle type E/ T for NECD (mean power) [kW] Maximun power during NEDC [kW] Maximum rated power [kW] Mid-range 414140 Compact 31355 Sports 416310 SUV 728200

11. Prof G Mastinu, Costruzione di Veicoli conclusions Lightweight necessary for CO 2 reduction Lightweight necessary for electric vehicles Lightweight allows proper balance for green and fun-to-drive vehicles