1. The Cold War Olympics, 1948- 1988 Chapter 15 Mechikoff & Estes, A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fourth Edition © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. International Olympic Committee During World War II (1937–1947) the Olympics did not take place. IOC presidents continued goal of promoting peace and friendship through international athletics Global politics at issue after WWII People criticized holding the Games

3. The 14th Olympiad: London, 1948 Press coverage minimal People preoccupied with events in Europe 3,738 athletes competed 385 women Americans dominated track and field, swimming, and diving

4. The 5th Winter Olympics: St. Moritz, 1948 669 athletes competed from 28 nations 77 women athletes competed from 28 nations Scandinavian countries dominated

5. The 15th Olympiad, Helsinki, 1952 “Cold War of Sports” Russia and U.S.: battle to prove superiority through medals China teams did not compete because of civil conflict 4,407 athletes competed from 69 countries, 109 women

6. The 6th Winter Olympics: Oslo, 1952 Produced the best-run and best- attended Winter Olympics in history Athletes from 30 nations competed Norwegians dominated

7. The 16th Olympiad: Melbourne, 1956 World’s wars and social problems Athletes from Eastern Bloc countries defected Brundage was IOC President allowed nations at war to compete 2,813 athletes from 67 nations 132 women 36 Olympic records, 11 world records 147 sporting events

8. The 17th Olympiad: Rome, 1960 Distractions Vietnam, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Cold War, Southeast Asia The 9-mile “Olympic Road” constructed Festive atmosphere brought many athletes together 4,738 athletes from 83 nations competed 143 women

9. The 7th Winter Olympics: Squaw Valley, 1960 Walt Disney staged the ceremonial activities 8.9 million spent on preparations 665 athletes competed Spirit of Olympism rejuvenated American ice hockey team defeated Soviets and Canadians

10. The 18th Olympiad: Tokyo, 1964 $2 billion spent on the Games 4,000 athletes competed from 35 countries Asian Games created by President Sukarno of Indonesia caused controversy IOC declared Asian Games “null and void”

11. The 9th Winter Olympics: Innsbruck, 1964 Major problem: lack of snow! 1,091 athletes competed, 200 women Soviets dominated with 11 gold medals

12. The 19th Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968 Most controversial ever Severe clashes between students and police Threatened staging of the Olympics 6 days of rioting 150,000 students seeking “autonomy” Athletes participated in political demonstrations during the Games

13. The 19th Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968 Games marked a radical departure from past Olympic politics U.S. Olympians John Carlos and Tommie Smith staged a Black Power demonstration on the victory stand Black Power Conference: Olympic Project for Human Rights emerged

14. The 19th Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968 4,750 athletes from 112 nations competed American Olympic contingent was the largest in attendance U.S. fared well in swimming and diving Americans continued to dominate men’s basketball

15. The 10th Winter Olympics: Grenoble, 1968 1,158 athletes competed from 37 countries 211 women athletes from 37 countries competed Games were a disappointment for the Americans Russians took home 13 medals

16. The 10th Olympiad: Munich, 1972 Cold War between East and West Student activism declined Political terrorism increased Many countries in political turmoil Eleven nations boycotted the Games

17. The 10th Olympiad: Munich, 1972 The Munich Massacre Sep. 5: Arab terrorists kill 11 Israelis Israel & New York Times call end to Games Memorial for slain Israelis Games resumed Egypt, Kuwait, Syria: left Munich After Games: Israeli war planes attacked Arab guerrilla bases

18. The 10th Olympiad: Munich, 1972 7,123 athletes competed from 122 nations, 1,058 women Frank Shorter of U.S. won the marathon American swimmers dominated Finn, Lasse Viren, won gold medals in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter races

19. The 11th Winter Olympics: Sapporo, 1972 Focus Press and public focused on the question of amateurism Austrian skier Karl Schranz was disqualified for endorsing a ski manufacturer

20. Sapporo, 1972: Participation 35 nations competed with a total of 1,006 athletes 206 women athletes competed 7 new Olympic records were set Americans performed poorly in Nordic events American women took the gold in slalom and silver in downhill U.S. women collected a total of 7 medals U.S. men won one medal, a silver in ice hockey

21. The XXIst Olympiad: Montreal, 1976 Focus Political character of the Games continued to manifest self Lord Killanin of Ireland replaced Brundage as president of the IOC Games in political turmoil because of international relations Economic considerations, social issues, and political defections

22. Montreal, 1976 : Political Defections and Propaganda Political Defections and Propaganda Continued tensions between the East and West Canadians were accused of kidnapping defected Russian diver Soviets were the target of anti-Soviet literature and of demonstrations by Ukrainians Soviets captured the unofficial title, East Germany came second, U.S. third

23. Montreal, 1976 : Notables Over $1 billion spent on the Games 6,026 athletes from 88 nations competed 1,247 women athletes competed Nadia Comaneci, Romania: 7 perfect 10s, 5 medals American men swimmers dominated the event U.S. boxing team won 5 gold medals with the help of Sugar Ray Leonard American men dominated in basketball

24. The XXIInd Olympiad: Moscow, 1980 Political Impact Great animosity between the U.S. and the Soviet Union U.S. led boycott of Olympics for the first time in history Clash between Olympic teams and political agenda of their respective governments U.S. and 31 other nations boycotted the Moscow Games

25. Moscow, 1980: Notables 5,217 athletes from 81 nations competed 1,123 women athletes competed Entire Olympic team was honored by Congress in Washington political reasons

26. The XIIIth Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, 1980 Russians competed East Germans: twenty-three medals Soviets: twenty-two medals United States: twelve medals “Miracle on Ice”—stunning upset of the Soviet ice hockey team

27. The XXIIIrd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984 LAOOC: first corporate Olympiad in history First time Games generated “surplus,” $200 M LAOOC was allowed to sell corporate sponsorships and to negotiate television contracts Historically IOC had all money rights IOC agreed to the demands of the LAOOC Commercialization of the Games

28. Los Angeles, 1984 Political atmosphere Russians angry because of American boycott of 1980 LAOOC officials: numerous trips to Moscow Propaganda war between U.S. and U.S.S.R. 8 weeks before the Games, the Soviet Union cited “security concerns” as a reason to withdraw its team from the Games Payback for the U.S. boycott in 1980

29. Los Angeles, 1984: Notables 6,797 athletes competed from 140 nations 1,568 women athletes competed U.S. athletes dominated the games U.S. men’s volleyball won its first gold medal U.S. basketball teams won gold Carl Lewis: star of the games 4 gold medals in track and field U.S. team won the unofficial team title

30. The XVth Winter Olympics: Calagary, 1988 Cost was staggering Government allocated funds for several projects Atmosphere hospitality was extraordinary ABC paid $309 million for television rights American team did not perform well

31. Calagary, 1988: Notables First time athletes entered “atypical events” Jamaican bobsled team was talk of Games U.S. won 6 medals Soviets and the East Germans dominated the Games