1. History of Africa
Africa Unit

2. The Continent of Africa

3. Early Civilizations of Africa
Africa Unit

4. Where Civilization Began
Olduvai Gorge – located on the edge of the Great Rift Valley in Tanzania
Archaeologists – Mary and Louis Leakey discovered bone over 2 million years old
This has led some scientists to believe that the first people were from Africa

6. Bantu Migration
Today, close to 100 million people across the southern half of Africa speak related languages, collectively known as Bantu languages.
Linguistic evidence shows that the root Bantu language emerged in what is now Nigeria and Cameroon by 2000 BC.
By 1000 BC, in a series of migrations, Bantu speakers had spread south to the lands of Angola and east to Lake Victoria. Over the next 1500 years they scattered throughout central and southern Africa, interacting with and absorbing indigenous populations as they spread.

9. The Gold – Salt Trade
Traveling caravans crossed the vast Sahara desert to the Middle East
Travelers looked to profit from the desert crossing with large trades
The savanna lands of West Africa lacked salt, which is essential to survival
In West Africa, salt was more valuable than gold

10. Ghana became a rich and powerful nation, especially when the camel began to be used as a source of transport. Ghana relied on trade and trade was made faster and bigger with the use of the camel.

11. Islamic Mosque in Ghana
After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to spread over northern Africa. Followers of this religion are called Muslims. Muslim warriors came into Ghana and fought with the non-Islamic people there. This weakened the great civilization of Ghana. Local warriors then decided to break away from the power of Ghana and form their own local kingdoms. This ended many of the trade networks. This eventually weakened the civilization of Ancient Ghana.

12. The Empire of Mali is Born

15. The Slave Trade
Africa Unit

16. How Does The Slave Trade Begin?
Early 1400’s – Europeans sent explorers to West Africa to map it and look for gold
They traded iron, copper, fish, sugar, ivory, gold, and pepper.
Europeans wanted to convert Africans to Christianity

17. How Does The Slave Trade Begin?
Europeans required a large labor force to make their American colonies profitable
1st used Native Americans
Then looked to Africans because of their numbers and their lack of modernization
cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/.../map.slave.trade.jpg

18. Triangular Slave Trade
Europe
Africa
The Americas

19. Triangular Slave Trade

20. The Middle Passage

21. The Atlantic Slave Trade
575,000 Slaves
3,850,000 Slaves
4,700,000 Slaves

23. Why was there a slave trade?
Demand for Goods
Demand for Slaves

24. Ending the Slave Trade
1700’s – European thinkers begin to oppose slavery
Abolition Movement – movement to end slavery
1807 – Britain outlawed trading
1834 – Britain outlawed slavery
It continued in USA until 1865

25. Why did the slave trade end?
Industrialization
Less Need for Slaves

26. African Diaspora
The slave trade sent millions of Africans overseas this created a scattering of individuals
Survivors struggled to hold on to their culture
African people and their culture of food, music, dance, and tradition was spread across a wide area.

27. 1787 – British set up a colony in West Africa for freed slaves (Sierra Leone)
Later, free blacks from the US formed Liberia, it became independent in 1847

28. Age of Imperialism Africa Unit
Africa Unit

29. Tribalism in Africa
Tribalism – Pride and loyalty to ones people within Africa being based on tribal boundaries
Historical Significance
Europeans did not understand or respect Tribalism.
This has resulted in additional conflict being created in Africa which has continued to last to present day

30. Imperialism (Colonialism) (Colonization)
“WHEN A MORE POWERFUL NATION TAKES OVER A WEAKER NATION FOR ECONOMIC, STRATEGIC, OR POLITICAL REASONS.”

31. Main Cause of African Imperialism
Economic Motives
European factories need raw materials to run.
Coal / Iron Ore / Oil / Cotton / Rubber
These raw materials are found in Africa.
Strategic Motives
Offers port cities between Europe and Asia

32. Causes of African Imperialism
Political Motives
Prestige – The more land you control the more powerful you are
Religious (Spiritual) Motives
Christians believed that it was their duty to spread the ideals of Christianity
White Man’s Burden – Duty of the white race to bring the superior white culture to non-whites

33. Boers (Dutch) vs. British
The Dutch (Boers) had settled in Cape Town in 1652
Early 1800’s – British won control of the Cape colony from the Boers
The Boers retreated on the “Great Trek” northward
The Boers set up two independent republics in the 1850’s
1. Orange Free State
2. Transvaal

34. The Berlin Conference
Representatives from 14 European countries made decisions about dividing Africa
No African representatives were invited

35. The Scramble for Colonies
Some colonies were taken by force but most were voluntarily given up
Treaties were negotiated with African leaders

37. New Patterns of Government
Direct Rule
European Governments controls everything
Indirect Rule
European officials make decisions and native leaders enforce them

38. African Independence
Africa Unit

39. Negative Effects of Imperialism Positive Effects of Imperialism
Traditional patterns of life were destroyed
Exploited Africa’s natural resources
Switched to farming cash crops
African villages were no longer self-sufficient
Africans became dependant on Europe
Positive Effects of Imperialism
Built roads, bridges, and railroads
Set up new schools
Introduced new farming methods

40. Steps to African Independence
Nationalism grew in the different African countries after WWII.
Most Europeans were reluctant to fight to hold onto overseas colonies.
African leaders began to use the cry of “Africa for Africans”.

41. Steps to African Independence
African leaders organized political parties and staged strikes & boycotts.
Organization of African Unity - Formed in 1963 to promote peace and independence
Pan-Africanism – calls for the unifying of all of Africa

42. Kenya Fights for Independence
In Kenya, white settlers had moved in and displaced African farmers, mostly of the Kikuyu tribe.
Jomo Kenyatta was a spokesman for the Kikuyu and led the movement to get Europeans off their land.
Kenyatta supported nonviolent methods, but others turned to guerrilla warfare.
By 1952, they began to attack European settlers.

43. Kenya Fights for Independence
The British called the guerrillas Mau Mau and pictured them as savages.
The British imprisoned Kenyatta and threw thousands of Kikuyu into concentration camps.
The British went on to bomb the Mau Mau fighters, armed only with swords.
The rebels were crushed, but not the freedom movement.
When the British released Kenyatta in 1963, he became the first prime minister of an independent Kenya.

44. Apartheid in South Africa
Africa Unit

45. Origins of Apartheid 1910 Britain granted S. Africa self-rule
Whites make up 13% of Africa’s pop.
77% are black
1948 – Nationalist party comes to power
Supported by white farmers (Boers)
They set up apartheid – rigid separation of races

46. The Republic of South Africa
S. Africans were classified as black, white, “coloured” (mixed), Asians
Pass laws were created
White only busses, beaches, bathrooms, restaurants, and schools
Opposition groups were banned from speaking out (ANC)
Nelson Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years for opposing racial segregation

47. Struggle Against Apartheid
Archbishop Desmond Tutu strongly opposed apartheid, but not through violence (won Nobel Peace Prize)
Freedom marches and boycotts spread across South Africa
During the 1980’s economic sanction were imposed by the United States and other nations

48. Apartheid Ends F.W. De Klerk lifts ban on opposition groups
1990 – Nelson Mandela is released from prison
His release symbolized hope for the people of South Africa
1991 – Africans were no longer classified by race
1992 – citizenship is given to blacks
1994 – Mandela is elected President