1. Institutional Management
Chapter 13
Institutional Management

2. “Formal Organization”
a structure established for influencing behavior to achieve particular ends
1.) The Organizational Structure
2.) The Impact of the Structure

3. why governing prisons is different from other public institutions
the defects of total power
power is limited; depends on inmate cooperation
prison unlike other authoritarian organizations
inmates don’t recognize legitimacy of their keepers
no sense of duty propels them to compliance
limited system of rewards & punishments
job assignment, housing, parole report, good time
available punishments not severe, confer status
co-opting of correctional officers
officers forced into inmate trade-offs
must maintain ‘surface order’
forced to ‘buy’ compliance or tolerate rule breaking
strength of inmate leadership

4. Correctional Officers: The Linchpin of Management
Who Becomes a Corrections Officer
Role Characteristics
Job assignments
Problems with the Officers Role
Job Stress and burnout
Boundary Violations
Use of Force
Collective Bargaining

5. Strategies of influence
“compliance”
obedience to an order or request
types of power for gaining compliance
remunerative power
obtaining compliance in exchange for material resources
normative power
obtaining compliance by manipulating symbolic rewards
coercive power
obtaining compliance by the application or threat of physical force

6. Goals of the “Confinement Model” of prisons
keep them in
facility must be secure
keep them safe
inmates & staff must be protected from each other, as well as environmental hazards
keep them in line
rules must exist and be enforced
keep them healthy
inmates must have medical care
keep them busy
constructive activity through work, recreation, education, treatment programs

7. Formal Prison Organization
warden
deputy warden
Management
deputy warden
Custody
deputy warden
Programs
deputy warden
Industries
budgets/accts
inst. security
education
industry
purchasing
guard forces
vocational training
farm
building & grounds
inmate discipline
classification
clothing & laundry
investigations
counseling
visiting
medical serv.
food service
recreation
canteen
religion

8. “Unity of Command”
management principle that a subordinate should report to only one supervisor
deputy warden
Management
deputy warden
Custody
deputy warden
Programs
deputy warden
Industries
inst. security
investigations
guard forces
visiting
inmate discipline

9. “Chain of Command”
management principle that orders organization as a series of hierarchical positions of authority, so that each person in hierarchy receives orders from one immediately above and issues orders to one immediately below himself or herself
warden
deputy warden
Management
deputy warden
Custody
deputy warden
Programs
deputy warden
Industries
captain
lieutenant
sergeant

10. “span of control”
management principle that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates
deputy warden
Management
deputy warden
Custody
deputy warden
Programs
deputy warden
Industries
education
budgets/accts
recreation
classification
inst. security
investigations
farm
guard forces
visiting
food service
inmate discipline
industry
purchasing

11. “Line Personnel”
Employees who are directly concerned with furthering the institution’s goals; workers in direct contact with clients

12. “Staff Personnel”
Employees who provide services in support of line personnel (e.g., clerks, purchasing officers, accountants, training officers, maintenance, laundry, food service)

13. the sound and firm management of inmates and staff
“Governance”
the sound and firm management of inmates and staff
“governance” is what distinguishes a well-run prison from a substandard prison.

14. factors affection quality of life in prison
Order
absence of individual or group misconduct that threatens safety of others
service
programs designed to improve the life prospects of inmates (e.g., education, training, work)
amenity
anything that enhances comfort of the inmates (e.g., good food, clean cells, recreation)
“A good prison “provides as much order, amenity, and service as possible, given the human & financial resources.” --John DiIulio

15. Prison Discipline inmates are given set of rules on arrival
rule violations can be major or minor
violations of rules are handled by staff
minor violations result in warning, counseling
major violations may result in sanctions
criminal prosecution
loss of “good time”
time in punitive segregation (the “hole”)
loss of privileges (e.g., visits, mail, commissary, recreation
1/2 inmates charged with ≥ 1 violation
90% of those charged are found ‘guilty’

16. prison disciplinary process
officer writes inmate a ‘ticket’ for violation
minor ticket
summary judgment by hearing officer
counseling; reprimand
major ticket: goes to a semi-formal hearing
disciplinary committee
3 - 5 correctional staff (custody, treatment, classification)
inmate rights: notice of complaint, help preparing case, fair hearing, confront witnesses, written statement of decision
hearing officer
sometimes case investigated by hearing officer-- conducts hearing, makes decision (in absence of a committee)
decision appealed ‘up’ chain of command
to captain, warden, commissioner of corrections

17. prison directors a formula for effective leadership:
be in office long enough to learn job, make plans, & implement them.
project an appealing image to a wide range of people, both inside & outside of the organization.
be dedicated & loyal to the department; see oneself as engaged in a noble & challenging profession.
be ‘hands-on’ & proactive; prevent problems; be politically astute.

18. the correctional officer
officers’
duties
counsel
maintain and deliver supplies
supervise
write and administer reports
protect
process & control inmates
train

19. it’s a tough job, but ... disadvantages of correctional officer job
long hours
disadvantages of correctional officer job
seen as
‘dead end’ job
low pay
high turnover
potentially dangerous
low entry requirements
conflicting roles: custody - treatment
low public image

20. … it does have its benefits
advantages of the job
job security
‘growth’ industry
limited alternatives (where prisons are located)
low entry requirements
easy to supplement with overtime or part-time

21. correctional officer employment opportunities

22. paramilitary organization & duties of custody staff
captain
administrative responsibilities; link between custody and top management
lieutenant
supervises sergeants within areas of the prison; principle disciplinarians
sergeant
supervises complement of officers within one area of the prison (e.g., housing unit, hospital, kitchen, yard, industries, reception & release, etc.
correctional officer
line staff responsible for daily operation of a specific area of prison

23. correctional officer job assignments
block officer
oversee unit maintenance, security, safety, inmate problems & needs, enforce rules
work detail supervisor
supervise inmate workers who provide food services & maintenance, outside work details
industrial shop & school officer
maintenance & security of work & school areas
yard officer (order & security on yard)
administrative building assignment
gate security, supervise visiting, public information
wall or tower post (observe, minimal inmate contact)
relief officer (fills in for absent staff)

24. use of force: circumstances justifying reasonable force
self-defense
when threatened with physical attack
defense of third persons
to protect a threatened inmate or officer
upholding prison rules
to maintain safety and security
prevention of a crime
prevention of escapes
law allows deadly force to prevent an escape, but policies vary across states

25. collective bargaining
1st unions for correctional employees
1956: Washington, DC & New York City
1970s: many states passed enabling legislation
1981: unions in 29 of 52 jurisdictions
who is represented (often separate unions)
custodial, program, support staff
issues and concerns
wages, hiring, conditions of employment
support expansion of prison facilities
oppose private prisons
support victims’ rights legislation
tougher sentencing laws