1. Jews in Czecho slovakia 1918-1938

2. Czechoslovakia

3. 1918-1938 One of the few states which recognized the Jewish nationality as equal to all other nationalities in the country Tomáš Garrique Masaryk – 1st president – Western-oriented, liberal, and moderate nationalist Liberal democracy Industrialised Bohemia and Moravia + less developped Slovakia and Ruthenia (Subcarpathian Rus) 3 milion German minority – Sudetenland Czech and Moravian Jews reformed, quit Yiddish – fruits of Haskalah Max Brod: „In the Prague of my youth there were only a few families that were completely faithful to the Jewish tradition.“ 1st Czechoslovak Republic

4. Franz Kafka 1883-1924 Born and lived in Prague All his sisters murdered by Nazis in concentration camps Convinced sionist – was fluent in hebrew and dreamt about the life in the land of Israel Burried at the New Jewish Cemetery at Prague 3, Žižkov (Želivského metro stop) Max Brod did not respect his last will and published his writings

5. Max Brod 1884-1968 Leader of the Zionist federation of Bohemia – leading political force during the 1st Republic In 1939 fled to Palestine and settled in Tel Aviv

6. Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Born in Moravia (Příbor/ Freiberg) Lived in Vienna Psychanalysis Fled Nazis to London in 1938 where he died (euthanasis)

7. Edmund Husserl 1859 - 1938 Born in Prostějov in Moravia Founder of modern phenomenology Got baptized (protestant) Forced by Nazis to leave the university where he taught and in 1936 he had to move out of his appartment;

8. Zionism in the Czech Lands 1893 – Prague group Makabee : Jews are a people in their own right 1899 – Bar Kochba – Prague Zionist group – Search for the Jewish roots – Established a Jewish Party – entered the Parliament during the 1st Republic Poland, Hungary – political parties with antisemitic programs x not in the Czech Lands

9. Czech Lands Hilsner affaire – Masaryk defended with succes the Jewish victim of a false accusation from a superstitious blood libel (Polna in Moravia) Inimaginable in Poland or Romania – openely antisemitic states – Zionism popular here only insofar it meant the mass departure of Jews from Europe – The only country with a succesful campaign against anti-Semitism – Masaryk supported Zionism and the Jewish national rights – Masaryk was as well an unusual statesman in his championing of Jewish national rights in the diaspora

10. Slovakia Eastern Ortodox Judaism Part of Hungarian Jewry Hasidic influences from Galicia Bratislava (Poszony, Pressburg) – famous center of Ortodox Judaism – Great Yeshiva – Hatam Sofer – one of the most renowned sages of the early 19th century Since 1867 general magyarisation – In many Jewish families the parents conversed in German while the children, who attended Hungarian schools, spoke to each other in Magyar. Yiddish survived into the 20th century in the small towns of eastern Slovakia (influence of Galicia) Magyarised Jews were very much disliked by the Slovak nationalists Slovak antisemitism – close connection between Slovak nationalism and the Catholic church – Jews were identified with the social and national enemy Proportionally Jews were more numerous in Slovakia than in the Czech lands

11. Ruthenia (Subcarpathi an Rus) Peasant Rusyns (Ruthenians) Hungarian landowners East Orthodox Jewish communities Small magyarised Jewish elite + majority yiddish speaking Jews Hasidism was extremely influential here Munkacs, Uzhgorod (Ungvar)

14. Czechoslovakia 1930: 357 000 Jews – 2% of the population – The highest proportion in Subcarpathian Rus Bohemia – nearly 50% of all Jews lived in Prague Subcarpathian Rus – 80% lived in shtetlekh and villages – The largest Jewish peasantry, the poorest and the most involved in physical labor of all European Jewries Czechoslovakia – a multinational state by definition Religious and national Jewish identity was legitimate and Jews were expected to be loyal to Czechoslovakia – Jan Masaryk, 1943, UK: „relations between the Jews and the Czechs were, in fact, excellent. We knew that when time were hard the Jewish minority would always stand by us. It never let us down.“

15. 1st Czechoslovak Republic A wave of anti-Jewish feeling swept over East Central Europe immediately after the WWI – In Czechoslovakia it was felt more seriously in Slovakia and its capital, Bratislava Economic prosperity  low profile of anti-Semitism Bohemia and Moravia – Jewish party – Main languages of young Jews were Czech and Slovak Slovakia – anti-Zionist Orthodox party „League of Israel“ Hasidic Munkacs (Mukačevo) rebbe in Ruthenia was hostile to Zionism and to secularizing tendencies However a large Zionist movement like in Poland never developed here – The Jewish party did not necessarily promote the Zionist ideas

16. The Collapse of Czechoslovakia 1930´s – Great Depression  mass strikes 1934 – rise of bolshevism – Gottwald: „Not Masaryk but Lenin“  escaped to Russia 1935 – Konrad Henlein Sudeten German party won elections Slovakia – strong influence of the Horthy´s irredentist propaganda – Anti-Czech and anti-state feeling, separatism – Growing anti-Semitism – Radical movements associated with the Catholic church and the more extreme received support from the Nazi Germany – Tiso – the Prime Minister of autonomous Slovakia, a priest The neighbours of Czechoslovakia : antidemocratic regimes – Beck in Poland – Horthy in Hungary – Dolfuss in Austria – Hitler in the Nazi Germany

17. The Collapse of Czechoslovakia 1935 – Masaryk abdicated and recommended Beneš for President 1937 – Germany added Austria („anschluss“) GB and France did not do anything against this „family affair“ because they did not want to risk a military conflict with Hitler for the countries in the Central Europe 1938 – Sudeten German Party was preparing a military attack of Czechoslovakia  as a result, the Czechoslovak army partially mobilzed and Germany decided to wait  Hitler spoke of protecting Germans living out of the Reich  Henlein : „We must make impossible demands that can not be satisfied“ and provoke Czechoslovak crackdown while avoiding a final agreement

18. Munich Chamberlain and a the French minister of Foreign Affairs decided that Sudeten will be ceded to Germany and gave an ultimate to the Czechoslovak governement CS refused but finally has been forced to accept 1938 – Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier met in Munich and fully accepted German claims  Czechoslovakia was forced to cede Sudeten to Germany, a part of the territory to Poland and a part of Slovakia to Hungary

19. The Collapse of Czechoslovakia March 1939 Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia and a separate Slovak fascist state (in fact a Nazi protectorate)