1. Shift Register Section 6.1-6.2

2. Register A register is a group of flip-flops, each one of which is capable of storing one bit of information. Issues of the circuit to the right. – You do not have an option hold the output when you don’t want to outputs updated. 4 D flip-flops=4 bits of storage=4-bit register

3. 4-bit Register with Parallel Load Control

4. Load=“1”→Update “1” “0” “1” “I 0 ” I 0 is fed to DFF when Load is a 1.

5. Load=“0”→Hold! “0” “1” “A 0 ” “0” “A 0 ” A 0 is fed to DFF when Load is a 0. So the output is holding! We will revisit this idea when we study the universal shift register.

6. Four-Bit Serial Shift Register 123 4 Q of DFF1 gets SI after the first rising edge of the CLK Q of DFF2 gets SI after the second rising edge of the CLK Q of DFF3 gets SI after the third rising edge of the CLK Q of DFF4 gets SI after the fourth rising edge of the CLK

7. Linear Feedback Shift Register 1101 Exclusive OR

8. Content of Four-Bit Shift Register 1101 1110 1111 0111 0011 0001 1000 0100 0010 1001 1100 0110 1011 0101 1010

9. Block Diagram of a Universal Shift Register This is called the universal shift register because it has both shifts and parallel load capabilities.

10. Functionality of the Universal Shift Register Clear: to clear the register to 0. CLK: to synchronize the operations. {S1,S0} for mode control. A_par: register output I_par: register input MSB_in and LSB_in: serial inputs

11. Detail Implementation

12. Four-to-one-line Mux

13. 1 0 1 1 I2I2 I2I2 0 0 0 0 0 0 I2I2

14. Mode Control

15. S0=0, S1=0 [No Change Mode] S0=0, S1=0

16. S0=1, S1=0 [Shift Right Mode] S1=0, S0=1

17. S0=0, S1=1 [Shift Left Mode] S1=1, S0=0

18. S0=1, S1=1 [Parallel Load Mode] S1=1, S0=1

19. Breadboard Implementation Universal shift regsiter Random Number Generator

20. Waveform CLK Random A3 A2 A1 A0

21. 4-Bit Universal Shift Register

22. Behavioral Vs. Structural Description Behavioral Description – Behavior model of a shift register Describe the operation of the register without a preconceived structure. – Random number generator Binary values of msb_in, lsb_in, i_par Structural Description – Models the circuits in terms of a collection of components such as gates, flip-flops…

23. Behavioral Model of Shift Regsiter a_par[3]a_par[2]a_par[1]a_par[0]

24. Test Bench 1. Generate random number With matlab 2.Read random number at the neg edge of the clock Test all input combinations by flipping {S1, S0} Read numbers to i_par[3:0],msb_in, lsb_in at the negedge of t_clock

25. [s1,s0=[1,1], Load i_par=0111 a_par=0111

26. [s1,s0]=[0,0], No Change i_par=0111 a_par=0011

27. [s1,s0]=[1,0], Shift Left 11011011 LSB_in

28. [s1,s0]=[0,1], Shift Right

29. Synthesized Schematic

30. Structural Modeling of a 4-Bit Universal Shift Register clr clk select Q i0 i1 i2 i3

31. Waveform LoadNo Change Shift Right Shift Left

32. 4-bit Universal Shift Register

33. Verilog Code of Each Stage

34. In-Class Exercise

35. Load=“1”→Update “1” “0” “1” “I 0 ” I 0 is fed to DFF when Load is a 1.

36. Load=“0”→Hold! “0” “1” “A 0 ” “0” “A 0 ” A 0 is fed to DFF when Load is a 0. So the output is holding! We will revisit this idea when we study the universal shift register.

37. S0=0, S1=0 [No Change Mode] S0=0, S1=0

38. S0=1, S1=0 [Shift Right Mode] S1=0, S0=1

39. S0=0, S1=1 [Shift Left Mode] S1=1, S0=0

40. S0=1, S1=1 [Parallel Load Mode] S1=1, S0=1

41. If time permits

42. Serial Transfer Using Shift Register Information in A is made to circulate by connecting SO to SI.

44. Parallel Transfer Versus Serial Transfer Parallel Transfer Transfer all the bit in one clock cycle. Require combinatorial circuits. (Serial Transfer) Take multiple clock cycles to transfer data. Assume n=4, each shift Register has 4 DFF.

45. Augend, Addend & Sum 1011 +1001 ______ 10100 Augend Addend Sum

46. Serial Adder 1 1 0 1 Feed “1” to z at the next rising edge of the CLK Assuming a shift-right register, the left most position becomes available for storage after the second rising edge of the clock. Note that The sum can be stored in a third register. But if you want to save shift register, you can store it in A since more and more slots in SRA become available. (Augend) (Addend)

47. Serial Adder At the end of T4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 0 B 3 B 2 B 1 B 0 ________________ C o S 3 S 2 S 1 S 0 S2S1S0A3S2S1S0A3 S3S3 CoCo D2D1D0B3D2D1D0B3

48. Allowing the Serial Adder to Accumulate C o S 3 S 2 S 1 S 0 D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0 ________________ R o T 3 T 2 T 1 T 0 T2T1T0S3T2T1T0S3 T3T3 RoRo X2X1X0D3X2X1X0D3

49. Accumulate with a Shift Register A, B and D, each represents a 4 bit sequence. We want to perform A+B+D Store A in shift register A. Store B in shift register B. Allow the CLK to go on for a couple of cycles. Store the sum bits of A+B in Shift A and allow D to enter shift register B. Allow more cycles of CLK. Add D to A+B, and allow A+B+C to enter shift register A.