1. Asterids Chapter 8 Simpson, 2 nd Edition

2. Asterids

3. Three major characters united group 1. presence of iridoid compounds 2. sympetalous corolla (most) 3. unitegmic tenunucellate ovules (poorly developed nucellus)

4. Asterids Diversity of the Asterids 14 orders 110 families 60,000+ species ca. 23,600 in Asteraceae, the most diverse family of dicots predominantly herbs usually 4-merous or 5-merous sympetalous corollas with epipetalous stamens stamen # equal to or fewer to petals no hypanthium no apocarpy most advanced group of dicotyledons and probably the most recently evolved they exploit specialized pollinators and specialized means of presenting the pollen seems likely that the rise of the Asterids is closely correlated with the evolution of insects capable of recognizing complex floral patterns Ipomopsis – scarlet Gilia

5. Asterids A. Order Cornales Cornaceae - dogwood family 2/85 widespread in north temperate regions shrub/trees, rarely herbs Cornus inflorescence a head or cyme showy, petaloid bracts arcuate, opposite leaves Cornus florida Cornus stolonifera - red osier K4-5 C4-5 A4-5 G(2-4), inferior

6. Asterids A. Order Cornales Cornaceae Hydrangea

7. Asterids B. Order Ericales 25 families Ericaceae - heather or blueberry family 126/4000 widespread temperate & tropical mtns herbs/shrubs/trees corolla often urceolate (urn- shaped) grow in nutrient poor soil bogs – ericaceous shrubs root with mycorrhizal fungi floral formula variable stamens more numerous that other asterids; distinct K5 C(5) A10 G(5), superior, usually

8. B. Order Ericales Ericaceae – 6 subfamiles Ericoideae Erica - heather Rhodendroideae Rhododendron Azalea Vaccinioideae Vaccinium - blueberry Arbutoideae Arbutus Pyroloideae Pyrola - wintergreen Monotropoideae Monotropa – Indian Pipe Asterids

9. B. Order Ericales Polemoniaceae - phlox family 23/385 temperate N. hemisphere; arid sw US K(5) C(5) A G(3), superior herbs/shrubs three stigmas tubular corolla fruit a capsule Polemonium – Jacob ’ s ladder Phlox Ipomopsis – scarlet Gilia Asterids

10. B. Order Ericales Fouquieriaceae – ocotillo family 1/11 southwestern North America ocotillo boojum (cirio)

11. B. Order Ericales insectivorous “carnivorous” grow in acid environments Sarraceniaceae - Pitcher-plant 3/15 eastern, western NA; N South America Sarracenia - pitcher-plant Wyeomyia smithii is a mosquito that completes its entire life cycle in the immediate vicinity of Sarracenia purpurea eggs deposited on the water within the plant larvae live in the liquid of the plant and feed on the carcasses of insects and spiders being digested by the plant enzymes multiple generations take place from spring through fall over-winters as a larva frozen in a block of ice within the plant Sarracenia purpurea Asterids

12. B. Order Ericales Sarraceniaceae - Pitcher-plant

13. Asterids B. Order Ericales Sarraceniaceae - Pitcher-plant

14. A5A5 Ca 5 Co 5 G 2 1. fruit of 4 nutlets 2. gynobasic style - style inserted on the receptacle and to the base of the carpels 3. coiled cymes; regular Co 4. leaves simple, alternate, linear, entire, sessile 5. stem round 6. plant coarsely hirsute 4 nutlets gynobasic style Boranginaceae – forget-me-not family 130/2400 cosmopolitan Asterids LAMIIDS A. Order Boraginales

15. Mertensia - blue bells four nutlets Boranginaceae – forget-me-not family Asterids LAMIIDS A. Order Boraginales

16. Boranginaceae – forget-me-not family Asterids LAMIIDS A. Order Boraginales

17. Asterids simple opposite leaves hypogynous regular flowers flower lobes contorted in the bud isomerous stamens bicarpellate gynoecium Eustoma grandiflorum - prairie gentian LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

18. K4 C4-5 A(4-5) G(2), superior Asterids parietal placentation axile placentation no septa ovules on inner wall of ovary ovule ovary wall “invisible” septum ovary divided by septa into locules axis is the fused margins of carpels Gentianaceae - gentian family 87/1675 cosmopolitan B. Order Gentianales unilocular ovary with a glandular disc at its base parietal placentation fruit a septicidal capsule

19. Asterids Gentiana puberulenta - downy gentian Gentianaceae - gentian family Gentiana spp. - closed gentian LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

20. Asterids inferior ovary herbaceous with whorled leaves Galium - bedstraw Rubiaceae – coffee family 611/13,150 tropical mostly herbs (tropical trees/shrubs) great tropical diversity entire, opposite or whorled lvs WITH stipules epigynous +/- regular flowers K(4-5) C(4-5) A4-5 G(2), inferior LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

21. Asterids Cinchona - yields antimalarial quinines (Africa) Rubiaceae – coffee family Bottle of tonic water, under regular and UV light (shows fluorescence of quinine). contains < 20 mg quinine/6oz recommended quinine dosage for treatment of malaria is 2-3, 200- 350 mg tablets 3X/day Tonic water – a malarial treatment? Coffea Gardenia LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

22. Asterid s 1. milky latex 2. corona - five erect, often brightly colored elements sometimes mistaken for petals 3. each coronal component is called a hood Apocynaceae – dogbane/milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae) 415/4700 tropical, subtropical, warm temperate K(5) C(5) A(5) G(2), superior LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

23. Asterids Apocynaceae – dogbane/Milkweed Family 4. pollinia - a body composed of the pollen grains of an anther sac (a coherent waxy mass of pollen) -> usually found behind the hood 5. translators - arms connecting pollinia to corpusculum 6. corpusculum - gland or central body of the pollen unit 7. gynostegium - joined A & G LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

24. Asterids Apocynaceae – dogbane/Milkweed Family 8. fruit a follicle 9. comose seeds LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

25. Asterids Apocynaceae – dogbane/Milkweed Family Asclepias - milkweed LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

26. Asterids Apocynaceae – dogbane/Milkweed Family Stapelia - carrion flower LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

27. Asterids Apocynaceae – LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales

28. K(5) C(5) A4or2 G(2), superior Lamiaceae - Mint Family 238/7170 cosmopolitan – Mediterranean especially 1. fruit of 4 nutlets 2. gynobasic style 3. flowers axillary or terminal 4. bilabiate corolla 5. leaves simple, opposite or whorled, serrate 6. stem square 7. aromatic foliage (volatile oils = minty odor) Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales

29. Lamiaceae - Mint Family Salvia - sage Nepeta- catnip Mentha - spearmint, peppermint Marrumbium - hoarhound Monarda - horse mint, bee balm Rosmarinums - rosemary Lavendula - lavender Coleus - coleus Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales

30. Lamiaceae - Mint Family diagnostic features Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales

31. Lamiaceae - Mint Family diversity Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales

32. Scrophulariaceae – Snapdragon/Figwort Family 65/1800 cosmopolitan K(2-5) C(5) A2-5 G (2), superior 1) herbs/shrubs 2) bilabiate corolla 3) superior ovary 4) terete stem 5) leaves alternate or opposite 6) no aroma to leaves 7) fruit a capsule 8) 5 th stamen sterile = staminode (=beardtongue) in some capsule Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales

33. Scrophulariaceae Castilleja - Indian Paintbrush root parasite Orthocarpus – owl clover root parasite Penstemon haydenii - blowout penstemon a federal and state endangered species -habitat is rare Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales

34. Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum - snapdragon Verbascum - mullein Digitalis - foxglove, the source of glycosides Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales

35. Verbenaceae - Vervain Family 35/1175 pantropical – a few temperate K(5) C(5) A4 G(2), superior 1) herbs/shrubs/woody vines/trees 2) stem four-sided 3) leaves opposite or whorled, simple 4) mostly zygomorphic flowers 5) single terminal style 6) fruit a schizocarp of 1-seeded mericarps OR a drupe Lantana Verbena Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales

36. Asterids LAMIIDS D. Order Solanales Convolvulaceae - Morning Glory Family 57/1650 cosmopolitan K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), superior 1) herbs often twining, shrub/trees 2) actinomorphic flowers 3) milky sap 4) tubular, plicate (longitudinal folds) corolla

37. LAMIIDS D. Order Solanales Convolvulaceae - Morning Glory Family Convolvulus - bindweed; wild morning glory Ipomoea batatus - sweet potato Asterids

38. LAMIIDS E. Order Solanales Solanaceae - Nightshade or Potato Family 102/2460 cosmopolitan, concentrated in S. America 1) actinomorphic 2) corolla shape variable funnelform – rotate – tubular - 3) many alkaloids 4) fruit a berry or capsule or drupe K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), superior Asterids

39. LAMIIDS E. Order Solanales Solanaceae - Nightshade or Potato Family 4) great economic importance tomato (Lycopersicon) potato (Solanum tuberosum) eggplant (S. melongena) peppers (Capsicum) tomatillo (Physalis) tobacco (Nicotiana)

40. Asterids LAMIIDS E. Order Solanales Solanaceae

41. CAMPANULIDS A. Order Apiales Apiaceae = Umbelliferae – carrot family 434/3780 cosmopolitan, north-temperate diversity 1) leaves large, compound 2) umbel (flat topped) [simple or compound] 3) small flowers 4) sheathing petiole (celery) 5) schizocarp, aromatic "seeds" or mericarps 6) oil tubes in pericarp wall 7) epigynous K5or0 C5 A5 G(2), inferior Asterids

42. F. Order Apiales Apiaceae = Umbelliferae – carrot family B. Dried fruits - referred to as spices 1. Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) 2. Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) 3. Pimpinella anisum (Anise) 4. Apium sativum (Celery seed) 5. Carum carvi (Caraway seed) 6. Corandrum sativum (Coriander) 7. Anethum graveolens (Dill) Poisons A. Conium maculatum (Poison Hemlock) used to kill Socrates B. Cicuta maculata (Water Hemlock) - possibly more poisonous than Conium Food A.Daucus carota (Carrots) - tap root B.Pastinaca sativa (Parsnips) - tap root C.Apium graveolens (Celery) - expanded leaf petiole Flavoring A.Herbage - referred to as herbs 1.Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) 2.Anthriscus cerefolium (Chervil) 3.Anethum graveolens (Dill) 4.Coriandrum sativum (Cilantro) ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

43. Asterids F. Order Apiales Apiaceae poison-hemlock carrot wild fennel

44. Asterids F. Order Apiales Apiaceae fennel

45. CAMPANULIDS B. Order Dipsacales – 7 families of Caprifoliaceae s.l. Caprifoliaceae s.s. – honeysuckle family 5/220 cosmopolitan 1) shrubs, trees, lianas, herbs 2) leaves opposite, simple 3) cymose inflorescence 4) epigynous 5) fruit a berry or capsule K(5) C(5) A5 G(2-5), inferior Asterids Lonicera – honeysuckle Symphoricarpos– coral berry

46. CAMPANULIDS B. Order Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae (Adoxaceae) Asterids Viburnum – a common ornamental http://blog.willowlandscapedesign.net/2 007/05/the-great-viburnum-list/ Sambucus – elderberry – fruit and wine plants

47. CAMPANULIDS B. Order Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae (Linnaeaceae – twinberry family) Asterids Carl Linnaeus in traditional garb of Lapland, holding twinflower Linnaea borealis – twin flower

48. Asterids C. Order Asterales Asteraceae (=Compositae)- Sunflower Family 1620/23,600 cosmopolitan 1) largest, most advanced dicot family (second only to Orchidaceae) 2) 98% herbaceous 3) specialized floral features capitulum inflorescence ray and disk flowers (florets) involucre of phyllaries calyx = pappus receptacle scales (chaff or palea) epigynous zygomorphic ray corolla fruit an achene anthers (connate) into a tube K0- ∞ (pappus) C(5) A(5) G(2), inferior

49. Asterids C. Order Asterales Asteraceae head radiate (disk/ray florets) discoid (disk only) ligulate (ligulate only) ray floret have ligule of 3 calyx lobes generally no stamens disk floret radially symmetrical tubular corolla can be bilabiate ligulate floret 5-lobed ligule perfect flower

50. Asterids C. Order Asterales Asteraceae

51. C. Order Asterales Asteraceae

52. Asterids D. Order Asterales Campanulaceae - Harebell Family 84/2380 cosmopolitan 1) herbs mainly 2) zygomorphic or actinomorphic flowers 3) corolla campanulate - bell shaped or bilabiate 4) 5-merous 5) epigynous 6) numerous ovules 7) alternate leaves 8) anthers connate campanulate corolla bilabiate corolla connate anthers K(5) C(5) A(5) G(2-5), inferior

53. Asterids Campanula - harebell Lobelia – great blue lobelia D. Order Asterales Campanulaceae - Harebell Family Lobelia – cardinal lobelia Chris Helzer http://prairieecologist.com/2012/09/20/photo-of-the-week- september-20-2012/

54. Asterids D. Order Asterales Campanulaceae - Harebell Family