1. Chapter 2 Section 2: Egypt’s Old Kingdom

2. Egypt was ruled by all-powerful rulers called pharaohs.
Main Idea
Egypt was ruled by all-powerful rulers called pharaohs.

3. The history of Egypt is divided into 3 periods:
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
Egypt’s Old Kingdom began in 2600 B.C. and lasted until 2300 B.C.

4. Egypt grew and prospered during the Old Kingdom
Egyptians
Built
Cities
Egypt was ruled by kings called pharaohs who lived in palaces
Expanded
Trade
“Pharaoh” is a Greek term which means “great house”
Set up a Strong Government

5. Egyptians served Pharaoh because: Believed the unity of their kingdom
depended on a strong leader
2. Considered the pharaoh
to be the son of the
god Re
– the sun god and a god on earth

6. People showed honor and
respect to the Pharaoh
in public by:
playing
music on
flutes and
cymbals
bowing down to
smell
the earth or
touch their heads
to the ground

7. The pharaohs’ word was law and had to be obeyed
The Pharaoh appointed officials to:
make sure crops
were planted
control trade and
collect tax
payments
of grain from
farmers
make sure irrigation
canals and grain
storehouses were built

8. The pharaoh carried out ritual ceremonies that Egyptians believed helped control their welfare such as:
Riding a sacred bull around the capital city of Memphis to ensure fertility of the soil
(bull = symbol of fertility)
2. cutting the first ripe grain to ensure a good harvest.

10. Let’s Review…All about pharaohs
Were
all-powerful
Lived in
palaces
Carry-out
Religious
rituals
Details about
Egyptian
pharaohs
Considered
to be
gods on
Earth
Appointed
Government
officials

11. Main Idea
Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs.

12. Religion was deeply woven into Egyptian culture
Egyptians believed many deities or gods and goddesses controlled the forces of nature and human activities

13. The main Egyptian gods included:
1. Re, the sun god who ruled over the rising and setting of the sun, represented the importance of a sunny climate for good harvests

14. 2. Hapi was ruler of the Nile River who represented
2. Hapi was ruler of the Nile River who represented the importance of water for growing crops.

15. 3. Isis represented the loyal wife and
3. Isis represented the loyal wife and mother who ruled over the dead with her husband Osiris, god of the underworld and afterlife.

16. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Osiris Isis Horus

18. THE FAMILY OF THE EGYPTIAN GODSRA
SHU
TEFNUT
NEKHEBET RA
GEB
NUT
HATHOR
This is the family tree of the Egyptian Gods. It shows the names of the gods and their children or parents.
As you can see, RA was the father of all the gods.
OSIRIS
ISIS
SET
NEPHTHYS
OSIRIS
HORUS
ANUBIS

20. Egyptian Creation Myth
The Goddess Nut

21. Life After Death
Unlike the Mesopotamians, who imagined a gloomy life after death, the Egyptians thought the afterlife would be a place of peace and plenty

22. Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.

23. Egyptian Book of the Dead

24. Egyptian Book of the Dead
Read from the Book of the Dead , a collection of spells and prayers that Egyptians studied to obtain life after death.
Egyptians believed they must lead a good life and know the magic spells to gain the afterlife.

25. Osiris met the dead in the next world and judged whether to grant them life after death.

26. The Underworld
The soul goes down into the Underworld were it must pass the judges and account for its life. Then it is led by Anubis to be weighed against the feather of Truth (Ma’at) and the decision recorded by Thoth, the god of scribes. If the sins committed during life cause the heart to be heavier than the feather of Truth, the soul is devoured by a great beast. If it is lighter, the soul is taken by Horus to green-faced Osiris, who is accompanied by Isis and Nephthys, and blessed.
This scene shows what Egyptians believed happened to the soul after it descended into the Underworld.

28. The Final Judgement
Osiris Anubis Horus

29. Egyptians
believed
it important for
the pharaoh’s
spirit to
reach the next
world where
he could
continue to
care for
Egypt.
Through the
embalming
process,
Egyptians
prepared
the pharaoh’s
body
to accept his
spirit in the
afterlife

31. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

33. Steps to making a mummy:
remove the brain
remove the lungs, liver,
stomach, and intestines
and place in canoptic jars
3. wash the body with wine
salt the body with natron
and bury it in the desert
sands to dry

34. 5. remove the body from the sands, fill it with spices and perfumes, and stitch it closed.
6. cleanse the body with oils
7. wrap the body with long strips of cotton-linen cloth
8. place inside a wooden coffin and put it into a sarcophagus

35. Materials Used in Mummification
1. Linen Natron 2. Sawdust Onion 3. Lichen Nile Mud 4. Beeswax Linen Pads 5. Resin Frankinsense

38. Preparation for the Afterlife

39. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C.
Egyptian Mummies
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C.
Seti I B. C.
Ramses II B. C.

40. Preparations for the Underworld
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

41. Let’s Review…Egyptians’ beliefs
hopeful view
of life
after death
Osiris
judged
whether or not
to grant them
afterlife
Belief in
many gods
Egyptian
Beliefs
Pharaoh
needed
body for
afterlife
Magic spells
needed to gain
life after death
The Book of
the Dead

43. Egyptian Medicine Egyptian doctors world’s first medical to treat
became skilled
at sewing up
cuts
and setting
broken bones
used herbs and
drugs to treat
many different
illnesses
Egyptian
doctors
world’s
first medical
books
on papyrus
scrolls
specialists
to treat
particular parts
of the body

44. Egyptian Mummies

45. Pyramids

46. The Nile Valley Chapter 2, Section 2 World History Mrs. Thompson
Ancient Egypt
The Nile Valley
Chapter 2, Section 2
World History
Mrs. Thompson

47. Main Idea
The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built huge stone pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs.

48. Egyptian tombs

49. Modern Pyramids

52. Egyptians built mountain-like pyramids, entirely of stone, as tombs for the pharaohs
They were the size of several city blocks and were meant to protect the dead bodies of pharaohs from:
floods
wild animals
grave robbers

53. Pyramids were filled with supplies that the might need in the spirit world such as pharaoh :
clothing
furniture
jewelry
food

54. How Was a Pyramid Built?
Each pyramid sat on a square base with entrance facing north
Egyptians used astronomy to
determine true north
Egyptians developed 365 day/12 month calendar which is basis for modern calendar

55. The Great Pyramid
About 2540 B.C., Egyptians built the largest and grandest of the pyramids known as the Great Pyramid

57. Great Pyramid Facts Located about 10 miles from Cairo
and stands in Giza on the west bank
of the Nile River
Rises nearly 5oo ft. above desert and
covers an area about 9 football fields
Contains more than 2 million stone
blocks, each about 2.5 tons

58. Great Pyramid Facts Largest of about 80 pyramids found in Egypt
Tallest structure on the world for more
than 4,000 years and is equal to
size of a 48 story building
Largest of about 80 pyramids
found in Egypt

59. Egyptian advances in Math helped them determine angle measurements and amount of stone needed for pyramids

60. Advances in Mathematics System of written numbers based on 10
Creation of fractions and using
them with whole numbers
to add, subtract, & divide

61. Build a Pyramid

62. Who Were the Pyramid Builders?
Thousands of people and many years to build the pyramids
Most of the builders were farmers
Surveyors, engineers, carpenters,
and stonecutters also lent skills
to pyramid building