1.  Adlerian Theory and the Relationship Between Birth Order and Personality A research study by Meghan Falconer Spring 2015

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3. Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Third Born of Seven Children Childhood Illness: Rickets Pneumonia Brother’s Death Medical Doctor Influenced by Hans Vaihinger and the literature of Dostoevsky.

4. Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Freud and the “Vienna Psychoanalytic Society” Break away from Freud Individual Psychology Hospital Work to Child Guidance Clinics Family/Communal therapy Fled to America Death in 1937

5. Alder’s Individual Psychology  He made this a basic concept of Individual Psychology:  "For before the individual life of man, there was the community. In the history of human culture, there is not a single form of life which was not conducted as social. Never has man appeared otherwise than in society” 1

6. Adler on Birth order and Personality  1) Children of the same family are not born into the same environment.  2) It is not the actual order of the birth, but the psychological situation which is important.  3) Marked difference in age between siblings tends to reduce competition between them.  4) Birth order is not an absolute determinant, only an influence

7. Adler on Birth Order and Personality  Ordinal position : refers to the actual order in which the child was born; i.e., first, second, third…tenth, eleventh and so on.  Location : The psychological position of the child is his role location – the way the child locates himself in family structure. His perspective.  Birth order : refers to five basic positions that Adler described which tend to have recognizable characteristics later on in life.  Firstborn:  Second:  Middle:  Youngest:  Only:

8. Firstborns  Born into a life without a rival (or leader)  Parents that "sweat all the details."  Dethronement  More Risk Adverse  Parental High Expectations  Learn the concept of power at a young age  Tyrannical or Helpful

9. Second Born  Born with a pacemaker (especially if same gender)  Sees his sibling as a standard by which he measures himself  Competitive with sibling and with others  Search for a niche  Rebellious  Can be fiercely motivated to become superior

10. Middle Child  there is a standard bearer in front and a pursuer in the rear.  He is surrounded by competitors. He may feel squeezed.  consistent in attempting to be best  Due to their "middle" status, they also may be the most flexible and diplomatic members of the family.  May be even-tempered, "take it or leave it" attitude.  May have trouble finding a place or become a fighter of injustice.

11. Youngest  the trail is well broken and the guidelines are clear  may feel she or he has a lot of ground to cover in order to catch up  is never dethroned, may be dependent and selfish due to always being taken care of by family members.  Hard time hearing ‘no’  Difficulty sharing attention  Parents much more relaxed and confident in their own ability to be parents.  Spend more time and energy doting on this child than stressing high achievement.  Pampering, Adler believed is the worst thing a parent could do for his or her child, as it can lead to a dependence, selfishness and irresponsibility  High self esteem, doesn't’t feel the need to compete for attention.  Most likely to succeed in creative pursuits.

12. Only Child  Like an oldest child and a youngest child  never had a rival, peers tend to be curiosities rather than competitors  Are not given automatic peers  May become very introverted and shy  Or may very outgoing due to the need to always be proactive about social interaction with peers  Excellent at socializing with Adults  May endure incredible pressure from parents to succeed, parents see their only child as “their only hope”.  Be unfamiliar with not being ‘first’, or having to share.

13. Large Families vs Small Families  Family of 2  Possibility of 2 “only” children  Family of 3  May accentuate the ‘in the middle’ feeling  Larger families:  Oldest child bears much more responsibility  Middle children may work very hard to feel significant  Youngest child may become an aunt or uncle and have experiences similar to that of an oldest child or adult

14. Effects of Gender or Age Differences  First Born Son /Baby Girl syndrome  Age gaps may ‘group’ siblings  Also diffuses the desire to compete with on another

15.  Research Question: The purpose of this research study is to investigate the relationship between birth order and personality of birth order using a personality questionnaire that has been modified to include a question regarding the student’s place in the birth order, family size, and gender, and sibling age gap. In particular, this research study seeks to answer the following questions: (1) Does the ‘indelible impression birth order has on an individual’s’ result in easily identifiable and predictable characteristics? (2) Does a child’s gender affect the relationship between birth order and Adler’s personality theories? (3) Does large age gapes, and family size affect the relationship between birth order and Adler’s personality theories?

16. Hypothesis  I feel that I will be able to find characteristics that Adler predicted to be shared between most oldest, second oldest, middle, youngest, and only children share  However, I feel that there will be much variability contributed by:  differences in gender  and especially in families with large age gaps.

17. Ordinal Birth Position Anticipated QualitiesResults: Oldest High sense of responsibility for others, Sticks with what they are good at Tendency to take control and advise, Comfortable with attention, More comfortable with younger children and adults than people same age Feels “the weight of the world” Second Oldest Competitive Jealous Tendency to Rebel for attention Motivated to be superior Proud of Meticulousness and self-discipline Middle Good listener Tendency to feel invisible Either really hates attention or really loves it Doesn’t feel comfortable in control Spends time thinking and dreaming Youngest Asks for help Identifies as an entertainer Idolizes and has roles models Only Child Least competitive Doesn't’t notice attention Most comfortable with adults

18. Methodology  What Adler did  Originally to use an: International Personality Inventory Pool questionnaire (IPIP)  Decided the best way to connect it to Adler would be to start from scratch,  Create questions, trust my judgment  58 Questions including:  Gender  Ordinal birth position,  Number of children in family  Siblings of same gender (yes or no)  Age gaps between older and younger sibling

19.  Methodology: 1. The researcher will conduct the research amongst students currently enrolled at one University. The researcher will recruiting at least 20 students of each sex and ordinal birth position. 1. The researcher will distribute the web address to an online personality questionnaire on Survey Monkey created by the researcher, to random students on campus who express interest. 1. The Researcher will score the questionnaires, and analyze the results.

20. Example Questions:

21. Participant Demographics  106 Participants  28% Male  72% Female

22. 33 18 19 7 7 21 13

25.  Results:

26. Oldest Children Results: High sense of responsibility for others, Females: 55% Males: 62% Sticks with what they are good at, Females: 42%, Males: 38% Tendency to take control and advise,, Females: 70%, Males: 15% Comfortable with attention,, Females: 91%, Males: 97% Relate best with younger children and adults than people same age. Females: 33%, Males: 40% Feels “the weight of the world”, Females: 54%, Males: 63% Feel jealous and defeated when others achieve what you want to achieve Females:74%, Males: 84%

27. Second Oldest Child Results: Jealous of the others for their gifts, Females 20%, Males 40% Thirsty for attention, Females 62%, Males 72% Motivated to be superior, Females 62%, Males 80% Proud of Meticulousness and self-discipline Females 15%, Male 31%

28. Middle Child Contribute by listening, Females: 41%, Males: 35% Tendency to feel invisible, Females: 12%, Males: 0% Either really hates attention or really loves it, Females: 21% dislike, Males: 88% love attention (especially 5 th and later born) Doesn’t feel comfortable in control, Females: 68% (especially 3 rd and 4 th born), Males: 59% Spends time thinking and dreaming, Females: 87%, Males: 90%

29. Youngest Children Asks for help, Females, 69% Males 14% Identifies as an entertainer, Females 87% Males, 96% Idolizes and has roles models, Females 81%, Males 43% Relate best to older people, Female 59%, Male 26%

30. Only Children Not threatened by other’s gifts, Females 50%, Males 33% Doesn't’t notice attention as much, Females 75%, Males 66% Relates best with adults, Females 75%, Males 0% Stressed when things don’t go according to plan, Females 60%, Males 66% Does not like others touching/using their belongings, Females 70%, Males 66%

31. Ordinal Birth Position Anticipated QualitiesResults: Oldest High sense of responsibility for others, Sticks with what they are good at Tendency to take control and advise, Comfortable with attention, More comfortable with younger children and adults than people same age Feels “the weight of the world” Feel jealous and defeated when others achieve what you want to achieve High sense of responsibility for others, Sticks with what they are good at, Tendency to take control and advise (Males) Comfortable with attention Relate best with younger children and adults than people same age Feels “the weight of the world” Feel jealous and defeated when others achieve what you want to achieve Females: Second Oldest Jealous of others for their gifts Thirsty for attention Motivated to be superior Proud of Meticulousness and self-discipline Jealous of others for their gifts Thirsty for attention Motivated to be superior Proud of Meticulousness and self-discipline Middle Contribute by listening Tendency to feel invisible Either really hates attention or really loves it Doesn’t feel comfortable in control Spends time thinking and dreaming Contribute by listening Tendency to feel invisible Either really hates attention or really loves it Doesn’t feel comfortable in control Spends time thinking and dreaming Youngest Asks for help Identifies as an entertainer Idolizes and has roles models Relate best to older people Asks for help, Males 14% Identifies as an entertainer, Females 87% Idolizes and has roles models, Males 23% Relate best to older people, Male 26% Only Child Least competitive Doesn't’t notice attention as much Relates best to adults Stressed when things don’t go according to plan Does not like others touching/using their belongings Not threatened by other’s gifts, Doesn't’t notice attention as much, Relates best with adults- Males 0% Stressed when things don’t go according to plan, Does not like others touching/using their belongings

32. People in families with 2 or less children: Dislike attention the most Are least concerned with the affairs of others Are more likely to put things back in their place Do not like being put in charge of group activities. People in families with 3-4 or children: Are very good at improvising when things don’t go according to plan Youngest children are very jealous of the gifts of others People in families of 5 children or more: Feel they are great at starting conversations Talk the most when they are with their family Love to hear stories more than tell stories (2:1 ratio) Take charge or work as a peace keeper in stressful situations Trends for Family Size Differences

33. Trends for Large Age Gaps An Authority figure will be proud of me 50%

34. Children with 5+ years between siblings:  Only 15% replied that they don’t feel jealous when others achieve things they want to achieve  85% responded that they are not usually motivated by the desire to do better than others

35. Noticed Trends:  Second oldest children acted out the most for attention  All male only children contribute best by giving advice  Second oldest children are more talkative with their family than with their friends  Male only children would much rather tell a story than hear one.  Everyone feels they are good listeners  People who rarely speak had large families and older and younger siblings 1-2 years older and younger.

36. Limitations  Adler created his theories after hours and hours of clinical observations—I used a survey  Temptation for people to choose the “best” answer instead of the honest answer  Didn't have time to ask open ended questions  Had to be careful about what questions to ask to protect anonymity  Hard to find only children  Hard time thinking of ways to investigate certain characteristics

37. Improvements  I would have like to have not told people I was studying Birth Order.  Have some open ended questions  Ideally more people— especially more only children

38. Nature - Nurture Line Nurture Nature