1. 1 Antiperspirants and Deodorants Odor Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Sebum = cholesterol, its esters, palmitic, stearic acid and their esters) Perspiration Regulation of body temperature Elimination of lactic acid

2. 2 Sweat glands 2,380,000 (body surface) eccrine glands (all over the body) apocrine glands (localized – post pubertal) Hyper-hydrosis: intense activity of eccrine (25000 in each auxiliary vault) = 12 grams of sweat per hour ( So injurious) Sweat is sterile and odorless But by the action of bacteria on primarily the apocrine sweat which is rich in organic material (ideal substrate for bacterial growth) malodor form.

3. 3 Eccrine sweat is highly diluted aqueous solution But its moisture promotes odor production in two ways : - the small amount of sticky oily material of apocrine glands is dispersed over. -- the moisture in the warm vault completes an ideal environment for bacterial growth. Auxiliary hair promotes - hair act as a collecting site for apocrine sweat - increases the surface area available for bacterial proliferation.

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5. 5 Odor Numerous odors substances are responsible - decomposition of the proteins -lower fatty acids, steroids and lactones (have no smell, but they fix the odor -combined action of food -physical and psychological conditions -individual property (dog detection) pheromones reflects psychological state of the individuals

6. 6 Methods to reduce or control auxiliary odor 1- Reduce apocrine sweating 2- Remove the secretions 3- Impede bacterial growth 4- Absorb body odor

7. 7 Antiperspirants Mechanisms : 1- Decrease the sweat production (anticholinergic drugs) 2- Formation of a blockage or plug in the sweat duct (protein precipitant) 3- Alteration of sweat duct permeability to fluids (methylene blue) 4- Altering the physiological state of sweat ducts (Aluminum chloride), Aluminum chlorohydrate, Aluminum zirconium chlorohydrate (FDA approved).

8. 8 Controlled particle size - Not less than 90% of emitted particles are greater than 10 µm. - Complete retention of particles in excess of 10 µm by nose Safety requirements:

9. 9 Antibacterial agents - benzethonium chloride - chlorhexidine acetate - trichloro- hydroxy diphenyl ether (Triclosan) Formulation forms: Aerosols Sticks Creams Roll-On Soaps Deodorants / ingredients

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