2. A. IncasIncas B. AryansAryans C. HarappansHarappans

3. The religious landscape of ancient India was shaped by the ideology of the Aryans, a nomadic group who travelled into India around the beginning of the second millennium BCE. The teachings of the social group known as brahmanas are found within texts such as the Ṛ g Veda and Upani ṣ ads. These contain teachings, philosophies and ritual guides. Incas are ancient Peruvians Harappans are part of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization which pre-date the arrival of the Aryans. Next Question

4. The religious landscape of ancient India was shaped by the ideology of the Aryans, a nomadic group who travelled into India around the beginning of the second millennium BCE. The teachings of the social group known as brahmanas are found within texts such as the Ṛ g Veda and Upani ṣ ads. These contain teachings, philosophies and ritual guides. Incas are ancient Peruvians Harappans are part of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization which pre-date the arrival of the Aryans. Next Question

5. A. 500- 400 BCE500- 400 BCE B. 800- 700 BCE800- 700 BCE C. 600- 500 BCE600- 500 BCE

6. The dates that the Buddha lived are not agreed upon, but generally placed around 400-500 BCE. This is a estimation of when the Buddha lived. A number of sources from ancient India, Sri Lanka and the surrounding areas have been used to try and get the most accurate date. The dates are not agreed upon by all scholars. Next Question

7. The dates that the Buddha lived are not agreed upon, but generally placed around 400-500 BCE. This is a estimation of when the Buddha lived. A number of sources from ancient India, Sri Lanka and the surrounding areas have been used to try and get the most accurate date. The dates are not agreed upon by all scholars. Next Question

8. A. Suffering (du ḥ kha)Suffering (du ḥ kha) B. Cessation (nirodha)Cessation (nirodha) C. Origin (samudaya)Origin (samudaya)

9. The second Noble Truth is Origin. 1.Suffering (du ḥ kha/dukkha): all that is unenlightened is marked by this. 2.Origin (samudaya): the origin of dukkha lies in craving (t ṛṣṇ ā/ ta ṇ hā). The unenlightened crave sensuals pleasures, things that they do not have and the removal of things that they do not want. 3.Cessation (nirodha): the cessation of dukkha, will come through the cessation of ignorant thought and action. In other words, the only cure for dukkha is nirvā ṇ a/ nibbāna. 4.Way (mārga/ magga): the path to enlightenment is outlined in in the eightfold path Next Question

10. The second Noble Truth is Origin. 1.Suffering (du ḥ kha/dukkha): all that is unenlightened is marked by this. 2.Origin (samudaya): the origin of dukkha lies in craving (t ṛṣṇ ā/ ta ṇ hā). The unenlightened crave sensuals pleasures, things that they do not have and the removal of things that they do not want. 3.Cessation (nirodha): the cessation of dukkha, will come through the cessation of ignorant thought and action. In other words, the only cure for dukkha is nirvā ṇ a/ nibbāna. 4.Way (mārga/ magga): the path to enlightenment is outlined in in the eightfold path Next Question

11. True False

12. Sa ṃ sāra is not a place, instead it is the type of existence experienced by all unenlightened beings. Sa ṃ sāric existence is conditioned by three marks: impermanence (anitya/ anicca), not-Self (anātman/ anattā), and dis-ease (du ḥ kha/dukkha). As there is no permanence there is no stability. Sa ṃ sāric existence is in a constant state of flux and change. Next Question

13. Sa ṃ sāra is not a place, instead it is the type of existence experienced by all unenlightened beings. Sa ṃ sāric existence is conditioned by three marks: impermanence (anitya/ anicca), not-Self (anātman/ anattā), and dis-ease (du ḥ kha/dukkha). As there is no permanence there is no stability. Sa ṃ sāric existence is in a constant state of flux and change. Next Question

14. A. Dependent OriginationDependent Origination B. Skilful MeansSkilful Means C. Doctrine of the EldersDoctrine of the Elders

15. Buddhism offers a system of causation known as Dependent Origination (pratītyasamutpadā/ pa ṭ iccasmuppāda). This system of thought maintains that everything has been caused into existence. Nothing has been created ex nihilo. Skilful means is a translation of upāyakauśalya. Doctrine of the Elders is a translation of Theravāda Next Question

16. Buddhism offers a system of causation known as Dependent Origination (pratītyasamutpadā/ pa ṭ iccasmuppāda). This system of thought maintains that everything has been caused into existence. Nothing has been created ex nihilo. Skilful means is a translation of upāyakauśalya. Doctrine of the Elders is a translation of Theravāda Next Question

17. True False

18. The Buddha had attained enlightenment during his lifetime, he did not die nor did he vanish. Despite being enlightened he still had to receive the results of previous karmic actions. It should be remembered that one enlightened the Buddha was not producing any karma. Nirvā ṇ a/nibbana, as with sa ṃ sāra, is not a place. Instead it is a form of existence which is free from the conditions of sa ṃ sāra. Next Question

19. The Buddha had attained enlightenment during his lifetime, he did not die nor did he vanish. Despite being enlightened he still had to receive the results of previous karmic actions. It should be remembered that one enlightened the Buddha was not producing any karma. Nirvā ṇ a/nibbana, as with sa ṃ sāra, is not a place. Instead it is a form of existence which is free from the conditions of sa ṃ sāra. Next Question

20. A. VinayaVinaya B. NikayasNikayas C. AbhidharmaAbhidharma

21. The Buddha ordained monks (bhikkhus) and nuns (bhikkhunis) during his lifetime and there were was the creation of the Vinaya, a text outlining the rules of the monastic community. The Nikayas are the collection of suttas found in the Pali Canon. The Abhidharma is also found within the Pali Canon and is a collection of descriptions of Buddhist doctrines. Next Question

22. The Buddha ordained monks (bhikkhus) and nuns (bhikkhunis) during his lifetime and there were was the creation of the Vinaya, a text outlining the rules of the monastic community. The Nikayas are the collection of suttas found in the Pali Canon. The Abhidharma is also found within the Pali Canon and is a collection of descriptions of Buddhist doctrines. Next Question

23. True False

24. In Buddhist thought karma has a causative nature. The actions that are intentionally performed by the individual will have a particular karmic result. Well-intentioned good deeds will result in a pleasant and favourable karmic result whilst malicious and hurtful misdeeds will result in a poor and unfavourable karmic result. Karma does not always have immediate results, but can take many lifetimes to have an effect. Next Question

25. In Buddhist thought karma has a causative nature. The actions that are intentionally performed by the individual will have a particular karmic result. Well-intentioned good deeds will result in a pleasant and favourable karmic result whilst malicious and hurtful misdeeds will result in a poor and unfavourable karmic result. Karma does not always have immediate results, but can take many lifetimes to have an effect. Next Question

26. A. A child, an old person, a mad person and a brahminA child, an old person, a mad person and a brahmin B. A couple, an ill person, an old person and a corpseA couple, an ill person, an old person and a corpse C. An old person, an ill person, a corpse and an asceticAn old person, an ill person, a corpse and an ascetic

27. Siddhārtha (the Bodhisattva) rides with his charioteer and sees an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic. Upon seeing this he decides to leave his home and become an ascetic. When he was young it was predicted that Siddhārtha could have one of two destinies: he could become a great ‘wheel turning’ king (cakravartin/cakkavattin) or a buddha. He was hidden from all unpleasant things by his father who wanted him to become a king. Next Question

28. Siddhārtha (the Bodhisattva) rides with his charioteer and sees an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic. Upon seeing this he decides to leave his home and become an ascetic. When he was young it was predicted that Siddhārtha could have one of two destinies: he could become a great ‘wheel turning’ king (cakravartin/cakkavattin) or a buddha. He was hidden from all unpleasant things by his father who wanted him to become a king. Next Question

29. True False

30. The different approaches towards the Buddha’s teaching can be split into two different parties: Mainstream Buddhism and Mahāyāna Buddhism. Mainstream Buddhist schools include: Sarvāstivāda, Sautrāntika, Theravāda, Pudgalavāda, and Mahāsā ṃ ghika. In modern Buddhism the only surviving mainstream school is Theravāda Buddhism. Mahāyāna schools include: Zen/Chan, Pure Land, Shingon, Tendai, Nichiren, and Tibetan Buddhism.

31. The different approaches towards the Buddha’s teaching can be split into two different parties: Mainstream Buddhism and Mahāyāna Buddhism. Mainstream Buddhist schools include: Sarvāstivāda, Sautrāntika, Theravāda, Pudgalavāda, and Mahāsā ṃ ghika. In modern Buddhism the only surviving mainstream school is Theravāda Buddhism. Mahāyāna schools include: Zen/Chan, Pure Land, Shingon, Tendai, Nichiren, and Tibetan Buddhism.